[32] The greatest calamity which this ruthless despot inflicted on his country was the wholesale destruction of literature which he ordered, in view of keeping his people in ignorance. This atrocious measure was attended by the slaughter of many learned men. Cf. Legge, _Analects of Confucius_, p. 6. [33] Also called Khamil, a town about 700 miles east of Kulja. [34] According to Richthofen, the Yué-Chi were of Tibetan stock, but Vambéry and Gerard de Realle assert that they were Turks. Their nidus was to the north-east of Tangut. [35] Cunningham, _Survey of India_, vol. ii. p. 62. [36] Ct. d’Herbelot, _Bib. Orient._ vol. vi. p. 10; and Boulger, _Hist. of China_, p. 11. [37] Cf. Rapson, Indian Coins, in _Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie_, p. 7. [38] Cf. Ujfalvy, _Les Aryens au nord et au sud de l’Hindou-Kouch_, p. 64. [39] A distinctly Greek type survives to the present time in the mercantile and settled agricultural population of Bokhārā, and the neighbouring khanates, who are known as Tājiks. [40] Strabo (xi. 8) tells us that the Greek power in Bactria was overthrown by the Asii, Pasiani, Tokhari, and Sakarauli. The first two names are probably identical, and represent the royal family of the Tokhari. They may be identified with the Asiani of Trogus Pompeius. The Sakarauli are the Sarancæ of Trogus, and correspond with the Chinese _Sé_ or _Su_, _i.e._ the Sakas. Cf. Cunningham, _Survey of India_, vol. ii. p. 65. [41] Cf. _Journal Asiatique, Série Nouvelle_, vii. p. 162, 1896. [42] Cf. Colonel Yule, Introduction to Wood’s _Oxus_, p. xxv. [43] Identified with Kandahār. [44] Cf. Drouin’s excellent article on “Bactria” in the _Grande Encyclopédie_. [45] General Cunningham states, without quoting any authority, that the Yué-Chi waged war with the Chinese in Khotan during this year (_Survey of India_, ii. 63). [46] General Cunningham, _Survey_, vol. ii. p. 64. [47] This point is worthy of note in that eminent scholars used to maintain that the names were practically identical. Cf. Vivien de St. Martin, _Les Huns Blancs_, 1849, p. 64. [48] These notes on the Ephthalites are taken principally from M. Drouin’s excellent _Mémoire sur les Huns Ephthalites dans leur rapports avec les rois Perses Sassanides_, privately printed in Louvain, 1895. [49] Their chiefs originally bore the title of Shen-Yü, which in the reign of Tulun (A.D. 402) was changed to _Khākān_, an ancient title which we now encounter for the first time in history. [50] The best accounts of the Sāsānide dynasty are to be found in Nöldeke’s admirable translation of the portion of Tabari’s annals dealing with that period--_Geschichte der Araber und Perser zur Zeit der Sāsāniden_, Leyden 1879, and his _Aufsätze zur Persischen Geschichte_, Leipzig, 1887. From these sources we have derived most of our details, and will therefore give no further references. [51] Or Artabanus. [52] Some authorities maintain that this city was founded by Shāpūr II. about 340.