=Turkestān=--boundaries and earliest references, 3; Turkish migration to, 124; conquered by Ye-liu Ta-shi, 137; social conditions under successors of Chaghatāy, 162; partly overrun by Abū-l-Khayr, 184; attacked by Kokandis, 248; made frontier district, 249; governor-general appointed to, 253; Samarkand incorporated with, 255; Kokand incorporated, 260; dialect, 180. Turkī dialect, 180. =Turkomans=--derivation, 266; branch of Western Turks, 124, 265; migration, 265; various tribes, 266–68; government of, 272; growth of hereditary principle, 273; raids, 274–76; slavery, 276; horses of, 276; appearance and dress, 279; characteristics, 280; weaving, 282; extent and physical features of territory, 262–65; defeat by Uzbegs, 188; conflicts with Persia, 267–68, 269–70, 272; conflict with Khiva, 269; Merv occupied by, 269–72; =Russian conquest=, war of extermination by General Kauffman, 284; expedition of Lomakin, 286–87; of Skobeleff, 289–99; battle of Geok Teppe, 291–97; Transcaspia (_see that title_). =Turks=--divisions of, 29, 123; migrations, 124, 129; relations with Persians, 30–32; defeated by Rabī` ibn Ziyād, 39; Islām embraced by Turks in Balāsāghūn, 120; Kirghiz, Turkomans, Uzbegs, etc. (_see those titles_). Tver, 234. `Ubaydullah ibn Ziyād, 39. `Ubaydullah (son of Subhān Kulī Khān), 199. `Ubaydullah, Sultan, 186, 189, 190, 191 _note_. Uīghūrs (Kara-Khānides), 114–22; first mention of name, 116; Sakas intermixed with, 17; urban life, 163. Ujfalvy, _cited_ 17 _note_, _passim_. Ulugh Beg, governor of Transoxiana, 175; proclaimed emperor, 176; murdered by son, 177; arithmetician and astronomer, 180. Umayya ibn `Abdullah ibn Khālid, 43. Umayyads, the, various Caliphs (_see their titles_); descent of Umayya traced, 80; origin of dispute with `Abbāsids, 80; downfall, 85. Urdu Bālik, 115. Ustādsīs, 93. Usuns, territory of, 15. Uzbegī dialect, 180. Uzbegs, the, 183–93; Kazaks, 183; characteristics, 365; Samarkand plundered by, 176; mastery gained over Sultan Ahmad, 178; Mangit dynasty, 204–21, 365. Valerian, Emperor, captured by Shāpūr I., 23. Vāli Mahammad, 195. Vambéry, _cited_ 39 _note_, _passim_. Vardān, battle of, 52–54. Vardān-Khudāt, the, king of Bokhārā, 51, 52. Varkā, 49 _note_. Vassili I., 236. Vassili III., 236. Vassilief, Prof., _cited_ 149 _note_. “Veiled Prophet of Khorāsān” (Mokanna`), 94. Veliaminof-Zernof, M., _cited_ 183, 185 _seq._ Veneti, plains of Eastern Europe invaded by, 225. Vine cultivation in Samarkand, 399–401. Vladimir, building of, 231. Vladimir of Novogorod, 229. Von Hammer, J., _cited_ 133 _note_. Von Struve, Colonel, 251 _note_. Wakī`, 67. Weaving, tradition concerning, 399. Weil, _quo._ 87 _note_, _passim_.