Most of those who favor further control of railroads advocate milder methods. The favorite remedies are public inspection and the fixing of rates by a commission or court of arbitration or tariff revision. The facts above stated showing the secrecy of many forms of preference and the difficulties of enforcing the law because of the impossibility of getting railroad officers to reveal the facts indicate the necessity of systematic and thorough public inspection, but also suggest a doubt as to its effectiveness. If railroad officers destroy their papers and refuse to state the facts on the witness stand, is it not possible that they will keep any record of discrimination practices from appearing in the books and papers they submit to inspection? Inspection and publicity are excellent aids to reform, but they are insufficient in themselves. We have had already a small-sized ocean of publicity through the investigations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, but the results have been very small. CHAPTER XXXIII. FIXING RATES BY PUBLIC AUTHORITY. For years the Interstate Commerce Commission has been declaring that when, on complaint and investigation it finds a rate to be unreasonable, it ought to have power to fix a reasonable rate to take the place of the unreasonable one, the order to be binding on the railroad for a moderate period, subject to revision in the courts. For the first ten years after the Interstate Commerce Act was passed no railroad denied the right of the Commission to fix rates, and the Commission says it was supposed that they possess the power. But the Supreme Court finally ejected this impression in 1896, and again in 1897, and the Commission appealed to Congress for the restoration of the authority that was swept away by the interpretation of the majority of the Court. Congress for a long time paid no attention to the Commission’s request for further powers, but President Roosevelt took up the matter and pushed it with the splendid vigor that characterizes all he does. In his message of 1904, already referred to, he said: “Above all else, we must strive to keep the highways of commerce open to all on equal terms; and to do this it is necessary to put a complete stop to all rebates. Whether the shipper or the railroad is to blame makes no difference; the rebate must be stopped, the abuses of the private car and private terminal-track and side-track systems must be stopped, and legislation of the Fifty-eighth Congress, which declares it to be unlawful for any person or corporation to offer, grant, give, solicit, accept, or receive any rebate, concession, or discrimination in respect of the transportation of any property in interstate or foreign commerce whereby such property shall by any device whatever be transported at a less rate than that named in the tariffs published by the carrier, must be enforced.... The