That unjust discrimination in railroad rates and service can be abolished, we know from the experience of other nations. Studying the railways of ten countries on the ground, examining the railway literature and talking with leading authorities of twenty-six countries, and analyzing the writings of the principal critics of the various systems, I find that the railroads of the United States are unique in two respects—the efficiency of the service they render, and the extent and viciousness of the discriminations they make. If efficiency and injustice were essentially related, we might look with some degree of leniency on the evils of railway favoritism, though the wise would prefer justice even at the sacrifice of some degree of efficiency. But there is no such relation. Efficiency is due to national characteristics and economic conditions. In Italy I found the least efficiency coexisting with the greatest development of railway favoritism that I discovered anywhere in Europe, while the German roads are highly efficient and absolutely free from favoritism. All over Europe shippers and railway men assured me that no concessions could be obtained on the German railroads, and that they were the best managed roads in Europe. The railways of France and England are less efficient than those of Germany, and are tainted with discrimination to a degree that is insignificant compared with the phenomena in that line over here, but is very emphatic when compared with the German standards. The press of Great Britain has for years been holding up the management of the German roads as a model to be followed in England, and attributing the success that Germany is having in superseding English goods with her own in many leading markets to the efficient and far-sighted policy of her railway management.