To shut out the oil fields and independent refineries of Colorado and Wyoming, the Standard resorted to terrific discrimination in rates. The Chicago and Northwestern Road would bring a carload of cattle from Wyoming to Chicago for $105, but for a car of 75 barrels of oil the freight was lifted to $348. The rates from the Western fields to San Francisco were also put very high, and the Standard built great storehouses on the Pacific Coast, which it fills from the Eastern fields, the freight rates from the East being suddenly lowered when it wishes to refill the said storehouses, and put back again as soon as they are full. The people of California are compelled to buy Eastern oil for the profit of the Trust, instead of buying Colorado oil, because the freight on the latter is prohibitive. Aside from these sudden fainting spells of the oil tariff at convenient seasons for the Standard, the ordinary arrangements showed thoughtful care for its comfort. The regular rate on oil from the Colorado oil wells to the Pacific Coast was made 96 cents per hundred, while the rate from Chicago through Colorado is only 78½ cents per hundred.[101] The Chicago pork-packers generally had things their own way in this period, but apparently not always. In 1890 the Commission decided that the railroads were discriminating against the Chicago packers by lower rates from the Missouri River on hog products than on live hogs.[102] Even then, however, they were receiving rebates from the railroads which made questions of tariff rates comparatively insignificant. In 1891 the Federal Grand Jury indicted Swift & Co., the Chicago packers, for having received $5,000 a month in rebates from one road alone, the Nickel Plate. Compared to the train loads of their cars passing east and west on other lines, their traffic on the Nickel Plate was light. In his testimony to the Senate Committee this spring, Mr. Davis said: “A few years ago one of the Chicago packers was a director on a Western railroad. He was a large receiver of live-stock from Kansas City, upon which the freight rate was $54 per car. A rebate of $25 was paid to the packer at the time of shipment, and it was the custom to file claims for the remaining $29, which were allowed on the grounds of some imaginary loss or damage to the stock in transit. The same party paid rebates amounting to from $30,000 to $50,000 a month for every month in the year. On putting down on a piece of paper the amount of $10,000, and after placing this under the eyes of a superior officer, he would leave and subsequently look for that amount in currency by express, and would then proceed to divide it among certain favored shippers.”[103] A few years ago, in proceedings before Judge Grosscup of Chicago, it appeared that while the published rate on packing-house products was 23½ cents, the favored packers were given a rate as low as 15 cents.