As to the clown's clothes, first of all there is the ruff, which is, however, not stiffened out. He has trunk hose or wide breeches which do not reach to his knee, his stockings are well ornamented with clocks; and lastly, there is the paint on his face, which brings us to a custom that seems nearly as old as man himself. (See Figure 157 and Plate X, Figure A.) [Illustration: FIG. 157.--A clown, showing a survival of an Elizabethan costume.] Among the relics of the ancient cave men of Europe are found hollowed stones, and these were used as mortars in which ochre and other colours were ground for painting the body. [Illustration: FIG. A. THE HEAD OF A CLOWN, SHOWING THE PAINTED FACE, THE RUFF AND THE ELIZABETHAN METHOD OF DOING THE HAIR. FIG. B. THE FACE OF A JAPANESE ACTOR. (_After Moseley, by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray._) FIG. C. THE PAINTED FACE OF A PAPER FIGURE WHICH IS BURNED AT CHINESE FUNERALS. (_After Moseley, by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray.)_ FIG. D. THE TATTOOED HEAD OF A MAORI CHIEF. (_By the courtesy of General Robley._) _PLATE X._] The Egyptians still follow the practice of blackening the edge of the eyelid, both below and above the eye, with a black powder called kohl. The material is prepared either from burning an aromatic resin or the shells of almonds. The custom prevailed among both sexes in Egypt far back in its history, and long before the historic period, painting the eyes was already practised by the people whom Professor Petrie called the "New Race" (until he determined that they preceded the dynastic Egyptians). It may be well to point out that these prehistoric people lived about 6000 years B.C.: they had little or no metal, though they made most beautiful flint knives and stone vases. They buried their dead lying on one side with the knees towards the chin, instead of making mummies. Among the contents of their tombs have been found curious slate palettes of all shapes and sizes, similar to some which had previously been known for many years, but the origin of which was undetermined. It has been shown that these palettes were used for grinding up malachite to form a green colour with which to paint the eye. The idea was, it is supposed, to mitigate the glare of the sun, and is similar to that which leads Anglo-Indians to have the under sides of the brims of their hats coloured green.