[386] One of the Abbassides, the (at least pretended) descendants of `Al-Abb[=a]s, uncle and adviser of Mo[h.]ammed. [387] E. Reclus, _Asia_, American ed., N. Y., 1891, Vol. IV, p. 227. [388] _Historical Sketches_, Vol. III, chap. iii. [389] On its prominence at that period see Villicus, p. 70. [390] See pp. 4-5. [391] Smith, D. E., in the _Cantor Festschrift_, 1909, note pp. 10-11. See also F. Woepcke, _Propagation_. [392] Enestroem, in _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, Vol. I (3), p. 499; Cantor, _Geschichte_, Vol. I (3), p. 671. [393] Cited in Chapter I. It begins: "Dixit algoritmi: laudes deo rectori nostro atque defensori dicamus dignas." It is devoted entirely to the fundamental operations and contains no applications. [394] M. Steinschneider, "Die Mathematik bei den Juden," _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, Vol. VIII (2), p. 99. See also the reference to this writer in Chapter I. [395] Part of this work has been translated from a Leyden MS. by F. Woepcke, _Propagation_, and more recently by H. Suter, _Bibliotheca Mathematica_, Vol. VII (3), pp. 113-119. [396] A. Neander, _General History of the Christian Religion and Church_, 5th American ed., Boston, 1855, Vol. III, p. 335. [397] Beazley, loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 49. [398] Beazley, loc. cit., Vol. I, pp. 50, 460. [399] See pp. 7-8. [400] The name also appears as Mo[h.]ammed Ab[=u]'l-Q[=a]sim, and Ibn Hauqal. Beazley, loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 45. [401] _Kit[=a]b al-mas[=a]lik wa'l-mam[=a]lik._ [402] Reinaud, _Mem. sur l'Inde_; in Gerhardt, _Etudes_, p. 18. [403] Born at Shiraz in 1193. He himself had traveled from India to Europe. [404] _Gulistan_ (_Rose Garden_), Gateway the third, XXII. Sir Edwin Arnold's translation, N. Y., 1899, p. 177. [405] Cunningham, loc. cit., p. 81. [406] Putnam, _Books_, Vol. I, p. 227: "Non semel externas peregrino tramite terras Jam peragravit ovans, sophiae deductus amore, Si quid forte novi librorum seu studiorum Quod secum ferret, terris reperiret in illis. Hic quoque Romuleum venit devotus ad urbem." ("More than once he has traveled joyfully through remote regions and by strange roads, led on by his zeal for knowledge and seeking to discover in foreign lands novelties in books or in studies which he could take back with him. And this zealous student journeyed to the city of Romulus.") [407] A. Neander, _General History of the Christian Religion and Church_, 5th American ed., Boston, 1855, Vol. III, p. 89, note 4; Libri, _Histoire_, Vol. I, p. 143. [408] Cunningham, loc. cit., p. 81. [409] Heyd, loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 4. [410] Ibid., p. 5. [411] Ibid., p. 21. [412] Ibid., p. 23. [413] Libri, _Histoire_, Vol. I, p. 167. [414] Picavet, _Gerbert, un pape philosophe, d'apres l'histoire et d'apres la legende_, Paris, 1897, p. 19. [415] Beazley, loc. cit., Vol. I, chap, i, and p. 54 seq. [416] Ibid., p. 57. [417] Libri, _Histoire_, Vol. I, p. 110, n., citing authorities, and p. 152.