1136 Rashid defends Baghdad against the Turks, but is murdered by the Assassins. His uncle, =Muktafi=, succeeds. He is captured by the Ghuz Turks and carried about in an iron cage, but afterwards escapes. 1160 Death of Muktafi. His son, =Mustanjid=, succeeds. His reign is marked by great disorders in Persia, where the governors have all made themselves independent. 1170 Death of Mustanjid. His son, =Mustadi=, succeeds. 1171 Saladin, sultan of Egypt, destroys the Fatimite dynasty. 1180 Death of Mustadi. His son, =Nasir=, succeeds. He recognises the usurpation of Saladin. 1183 Fall of Ghazni. 1206 Jenghiz proclaims himself khan of the Mongols. 1218-1221 Conquests of Jenghiz Khan. 1225 Death of Nasir. His son, =Dhahir=, succeeds. 1226 Death of Dhahir. His son, =Mustansir=, succeeds. The whole of Persia is subject to the Mongols. 1245 Death of Mustansir. His son, =Mustasim=, succeeds. 1256 Hulagu, khan of the Mongols, invades Persia and extirpates the Assassins. 1258 Hulagu takes Baghdad, and puts Mustasim to death. End of the Abbasid dynasty. THE MOHAMMEDANS IN SPAIN (711-1492 A.D.) Within four years after the landing of Tarik in Spain, the whole peninsula, except the mountainous districts in the north, is in the hands of the Mohammedans. The first forty years of the occupation is a period of discord, and a number of emirs succeed each other in rapid succession. The Mohammedans fight with the Christians in the north, and penetrate into France, whence they are driven back by Charles Martel, in 732. The Arab power is on the eve of falling to pieces, when Abd ar-Rahman, the sole survivor of the Omayyad massacre in Arabia, arrives in Spain. In 755 Abd ar-Rahman is elected king of Mohammedan Spain. THE OMAYYAD DYNASTY (756-1031 A.D.) 756 =Abd ar-Rahman I= defeats the Abbasid emirs, and founds his kingdom at Cordova. His reign is one of constant warfare, for he has to suppress many revolts. 778 Destruction of Charlemagne’s army at Roncesvalles, on its return from the invasion to restore Hosein to power. 780 Capture of Saragossa. Hosein taken and executed. 786 Suppression of the rebellion of the Beni Yusuf. 788 Death of Abd ar-Rahman. His son and appointed heir, =Hisham I=, succeeds. He proclaims the holy war and finishes the mosque of Cordova. 796 Death of Hisham. His son, =Al-Hakim=, succeeds. He is victorious over his rebel uncles. 800-801 The Franks invade Catalonia and recover Barcelona from the Moslems. 807 After continual disorders in Toledo Al-Hakim treacherously massacres the chief citizens. Resistance is abandoned. 815 Rising in Cordova put down with great cruelty. Exile of the inhabitants. They go to Africa. 821 Death of Al-Hakim. His son, =Abd ar-Rahman II=, succeeds.