1902 Difficulties with Italy over the publication in an anarchist organ at Geneva of an article reflecting on the murdered king Humbert causes the temporary withdrawal of the diplomatic representatives of the two countries. A general strike in Geneva leads to disturbances which are put down by troops. The federal council issues a decree suppressing such religious congregations or orders as have not been authorised by law. The radical democratic majority in the national council is considerably strengthened. 1903 A new protective tariff is adopted by popular vote. The Zionist congress at Bâle votes to investigate Great Britain’s offer of land in East Africa for Jewish colonisation. [Illustration] PART XXI THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES R. BELL, R. N. BESTUZHEV-RIUMIN, V. A. BILBASOV, A. BRÜCKNER, A. DE HAXTHAUSEN, E. HERMANN, N. M. KARAMZIN, W. K. KELLY, N. I. KOSTOMAROV, M. KOVALEVSKI, A. LEROY-BEAULIEU, P. MÉRIMÉE, NESTOR, A. RAMBAUD, T. SCHIEMANN, J. H. SCHNITZLER, A. A. SCHUMAKR, N. K. SHILDER, G. M. SOLOVIEV, P. STRAHL, N. TURGENIEV, D. M. WALLACE TOGETHER WITH A STUDY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA BY S. RAPPOPORT WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM ALEXANDER II, A. ALISON, R. N. BAIN, T. VON BERNHARDI, A. J. BEVERIDGE, CATHERINE II, A. P. DE CUSTINE, T. DELORD, J. ECKHARDT, A. DE FERRAND, I. GOLIKOV, P. DE LA GORCE, R. GOSSIP, A. N. KUROPATKIN, LEO, M. LÉVESQUE, C. A. DE LOUVILLE, H. MARTIN, MAURICIUS, A. MIKHAILOVSKI-DANILEVSKI, H. NORMAN, PROCOPIUS, C. C. DE RULHIÈRE, F. SCHLOSSER, P. DE SÉGUR, P. SHCHEBALSKI, F. H. SKRINE, STORCK, H. TYRRELL, VOLTAIRE COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS. _All rights reserved_ RUSSIA INTRODUCTION THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WRITTEN SPECIALLY FOR THE PRESENT WORK BY DR. A. S. RAPPOPORT School of Oriental Languages, Paris “Russia evolves very slowly, like an empire that is not of yesterday and that has ample time before it,” is one of Nietzsche’s remarks before his reason had hopelessly gone adrift in the vast ocean of insanity. This remark of the German poet-philosopher is true enough. What Nietzsche, however, did not know or did not say is that one can hardly speak of any evolution, as far as general civilisation, intellectual culture, and development are concerned, of Russia as a whole. Only a small minority, the so-called _intelligentia_, has evolved intellectually, not Russia itself. Here lies the fundamental difference between Russia and the rest of Europe.