Already before the revolution of July, in May, 1830, the oligarchal-ultramontane government in Ticino was overthrown and a different one erected on a democratic basis. The new constitution was accepted by the people in March, 1831. Events took a similar course in Zurich, where it was chiefly a matter of the relation of the rural districts (_Landschaft_) to the too powerful city; in Aargau, St. Gall, Lucerne, Solothurn, Fribourg--where the hierarchical aristocracy, supported by the Jesuits and congregationalists (_Congregisten_) who had been driven out of France, mustered out soldiers but was overthrown together with everything belonging to it; in Vaud--where, acting with the hot-bloodedness of Frenchmen, the people called out to the great councillors (_Gross-räthe_) of Lausanne, “Down with the tyrants!” and established a radical constitution; in Schaffhausen and in Bern--where the deposed government for a time had the mad plan to maintain itself by help of the discharged Swiss soldiers of Charles X; in Bâle--where bloody encounters twice occurred, and where for the adjustment of the quarrel federal troops had to take station, the great council of the city consented rather to a separation from the rural districts than conform to their demands. Thus there were formed here in 1832 the two half-cantons, Bâle (city) and rural Bâle (with its government at Siestal). Similar desires for separation also showed themselves in Schwyz and Valais, but they were laid aside after embittered conflicts. On the other hand, the old constitution remained in force in Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Geneva, Glarus, the Grisons, and Appenzell. In Neuchâtel the liberal party would no longer recognise the king of Prussia as the sovereign, but was suppressed in 1831 by the energy of the Prussian general Von Pfuel; and the movement ended in a victory for the existing government. SIEBENER KONKORDAT; DISPUTES OVER ASYLUM AND RELIGION [Sidenote: [1832-1845 A.D.]]