"Roman boys, like boys in our times, occasionally shirked school, or contrived to feign illness in order to avoid reciting their lessons. The master hung up, where all might read it, a board with names of pupils who absented themselves or had run away. Persius tells us that when a boy he used to rub his eyes with olive oil to give him the appearance of illness, though how oil would have that effect is not apparent. Pliny says that school children took cumin to make them pale."[199] In the early days the education of the girls was for the most part that gained from the mother in the home. They were taught spinning and weaving and sewing and other household arts, and, no doubt, they also learned to read and write, the same as the boys. When education became common, girls had about the same studies as the boys but whether they attended the same schools with the boys is a disputed question. It is, perhaps, true that the girls of the common people attended the elementary schools with the boys, while the girls of the higher classes had tutors at home. It was more difficult for women to get higher education as they must have obtained it through private instruction and possibly, after marriage, from their husbands. LITERATURE. 1. Abbott, Frank Frost, Society and politics in ancient Rome. 2. Abbott, Frank Frost. The common people of ancient Rome. 3. Anderson, Lewis F., History of common school education. 4. Church, Alfred J., Roman life in the days of Cicero. 5. Clarke, George, The education of children at Rome. 6. Dean, Amos, The history of civilization. 7. Dill, Samuel, Roman society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. 8. Donaldson, James, Woman: Her position and influence in ancient Greece and Rome and among the early Christians. 9. Duruy, Victor, History of Rome and the Roman people. 10. Fowler, W. Warde, Social life at Home in the days of Cicero. 11. Fowler, W. Warde, The Roman festivals of the period of the republic. 12. Friedländer, Ludwig, Roman life and manners under the early empire. 13. Graves, Frank Pierrepont, A history of Education, Before the middle ages. 14. Guhl, E., and Koner, W., The life of the Greeks and Romans. 15. Ihne, W., Early Rome. 16. Lanciani, Rodolpho, Ancient Rome in the light of recent discoveries. 17. Laurie, S. S., Historical survey of pre-Christian education. 18. Letourneau, Ch., The evolution of marriage. 19. Mommsen, Theodor, The history of Rome. 20. Payne, George Henry, The child in human progress. 21. Preston, Harriet Waters, and Dodge, Louis, The private life of the Romans. 22. Shumway, Edgar S., A day in ancient Rome. 23. Wilkins, A. S., Roman education. CHAPTER XI THE CHILD IN EARLIER AND MEDIEVAL EUROPE