Thus the new Western Empire took in all Gaul, all that was then Germany, the greater part of Italy, and a small part of Spain.[7] It thus took in both Teutonic and Romance lands, and contained in it the germs of the chief nations of modern Europe. It was a step towards their formation when Charles, following the example both of earlier Roman Emperors and of earlier Frankish kings, planned several divisions of his dominions among his sons. Owing to the deaths of all his sons but one, none of these divisions took effect. And it should be noticed that as yet none of these schemes of division agreed with any great natural or national boundary. They did not as yet foreshadow the division which afterwards took place, and out of which the chief states of Western Europe grew. In two cases only was anything like a national kingdom thought of. ♦Kingdom of Aquitaine.♦ Charles’s son Lewis reigned under him as king in _Aquitaine_, a kingdom which took in all Southern Gaul and the Spanish March, answering pretty nearly to the lands of the Provençal tongue or tongue of _Oc_. ♦Death of Charles. 814.♦ And when Charles died, and was succeeded in the Empire by Lewis, Charles’s grandson Bernard still went on reigning under his uncle as King of Italy. ♦Kingdom of Italy.♦ The _Kingdom of Italy_ must be understood as taking in the Italian mainland, except the lands in the south which were held by the dependent princes of Beneventum and by the rival Emperors of the East. ♦Use of the name _Francia_.♦ During this period _Francia_ commonly means the strictly Frankish kingdoms, Gaulish and German. The words _Gallia_ and _Germania_ are used in a strictly geographical sense. § 6. _Northern Europe._ ♦Scandinavians and English.♦ Meanwhile other nations were beginning to show themselves in those parts of Europe which lay beyond the Empire. In north-western Europe two branches of the Teutonic race were fast growing into importance; the one in lands which had never formed part of the Empire, the other in a land which had been part of it, but which had been so utterly severed from it as to be all one as if it had never belonged to it. These were the _Scandinavian_ nations in the two great peninsulas of Northern Europe, and the _English_ in the Isle of Britain. The history of these two races is closely connected, and it has an important bearing on the history of Europe in general. ♦Stages of the English conquest of Britain.♦