Emperor Lewis, while the border lands of Germany and Gaul passed to the younger Lothar. ♦Kingdom of _Lotharingia_, Lothringen, Lorraine.♦ This land, having thus been the dominion of two Lothars, took the name of _Lotharingia_, _Lothringen_, or _Lorraine_, a name which part of it has kept to this day. This land, sometimes attached to the Eastern kingdom, sometimes to the Western, sometimes divided between the two, sometimes separated from both, always kept its character of a border-land. ♦The Western Kingdom called _Karolingia_.♦ The kingdom to the west of it, in like manner took the name of _Karolingia_, which, according to the same analogy, should be _Charlaine_. It is only by a caprice of language that the name of Lotharingia has survived, while that of Karolingia has died out. ♦Burgundy, or the Middle Kingdom.♦ Meanwhile, in South-eastern Gaul, between the Rhone and the Alps, another kingdom arose, namely the kingdom of _Burgundy_. ♦Union under Charles the Fat. 884.♦ Under Charles the Third, commonly known as the Fat, all the Frankish dominions, except Burgundy, were again united for a moment. ♦Division on his deposition. 887.♦ On his deposition they split asunder again. We now have four distinct kingdoms, those of the _Eastern_ and _Western Franks_, the forerunners of Germany and France, the kingdom of _Italy_, and _Burgundy_, sometimes forming one kingdom and sometimes two. _Lotharingia_ remained a border-land between the Eastern and Western kingdoms, attached sometimes to one, sometimes to another. Out of these elements arose the great kingdoms and nations of Western Europe. The four can hardly be better described than they are by the Old-English Chronicler: ‘Arnulf then dwelled in the land to the East of Rhine; and Rudolf took to the middle kingdom; and Oda to the West deal; and Berengar and Guy to the Lombards’ land, and to the lands on that side of the mountain.’ But the geography of all the four kingdoms which now arose must be described at somewhat greater length.