From this point then, when most of the European powers have come into being, and when the two Roman Empires are fast becoming a German and a Greek power alongside of other powers, it will be well to change the form of our present inquiry. Thus far we have treated the historical geography of Europe as a whole, gathering round two centres at the Old and the New Rome. It will henceforth be more convenient to take the history of the great divisions of Europe separately, and to trace out in distinct chapters the changes which the boundaries of each have gone through from the eleventh century to our own time. ♦Ecclesiastical geography.♦ But before we enter on these several national divisions, it will be well to take a view of the ecclesiastical divisions of Western Christendom, which are of great importance and which are constantly referred to in the times with which we are now concerned. FOOTNOTES: [9] The best account of the various names by which the East-Frankish kings and their people are described is given by Waitz, _Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte_, v. 121 et seqq. [10] So Wippo (2) describes the gathering of the men of the kingdom: ‘Cis et circa Rhenum castra locabant. Qui dum Galliam a Germanis dividat, ex parte _Germaniæ_ Saxones cum sibi adjacentibus Sclavis, Franci orientales, Norici, Alamanni, convenere. De _Gallia_ vero Franci qui super Rhenum habitant, Ribuarii, Liutharingi, coadunati sunt.’ The two sets of Franks are again distinguished from the Latin or French ‘Franci.’ [11] See special treatise on the Themes in the third volume of the Bonn edition. The Treatise which follows, ‘de Administrando Imperio,’ is also full of geographical matter. CHAPTER VII. THE ECCLESIASTICAL GEOGRAPHY OF WESTERN EUROPE. ♦Character of ecclesiastical geography.♦