These were the last changes which took place while any shadow of the old Kingdom and Empire lasted. ♦Title of ‘Emperor of Austria.’♦ The reigning King of Germany and Emperor-elect, Francis King of Hungary and Bohemia and Archduke of Austria, had already begun to call himself ‘_Hereditary Emperor of Austria_.’ In the treaty of Pressburg he is described by the strange title, unheard of before or after, of ‘Emperor of Germany and Austria,’ and the Empire itself is spoken of as a ‘Germanic Confederation.’ These formulæ were prophetic. ♦The Confederation of the Rhine, July 12, 1806.♦ The next year a crowd of princes renounced their allegiance, and formed themselves into the _Confederation of the Rhine_ under the protectorate of France. ♦Dissolution of the Empire, August 6, 1806.♦ The formal dissolution of the Empire followed at once. The succession which had gone on from Augustus ended; the work of Charles the Great was undone. Instead of the Frank ruling over Gaul, the Frenchman ruled over Germany. ♦Repeated changes, 1806-1811.♦ A time of confusion followed, in which boundaries were constantly shifting, states were constantly rising and falling, and new portions of German ground were being constantly added to France. ♦Germany in 1811-1813.♦ At the time of the greatest extent of French dominion, the political state of Germany was on this wise. ♦Territories of Denmark and Sweden.♦ The dissolution of the Empire had released all its members from their allegiance, and the German possessions of the Kings of Denmark and Sweden had been incorporated with their several kingdoms. ♦Losses of Prussia and Austria.♦ Hannover was wholly lost to its island sovereign; seized and lost again more than once by Prussia and by France, it passed at last wholly into the hands of the foreign power. Prussia had lost, not only its momentary possession of Hannover, but also everything west of the Elbe. Austria had yielded _Salzburg_ to Bavaria, and part of her own south-western territory in Krain and Kärnthen had passed to France under the name of the _Illyrian Provinces_. ♦Annexations to France.♦ France too, beside all the lands west of the Rhine, had incorporated _East Friesland_, _Oldenburg_, part of _Hannover_, and the three _Hanseatic_ cities. ♦Confederation of the Rhine.♦ The remaining states of Germany formed the _Confederation of the Rhine_. The chief among these were the four Kingdoms of _Bavaria_, _Württemberg_, _Saxony_, and _Westfalia_. ♦Kingdoms of Saxony and Westfalia.♦ Saxony had become a kingdom under its own Elector presently after the dissolution of the Empire: the new-made kingdom of Westfalia had a French king in Jerome Buonaparte. ♦Grand Duchy of Frankfurt.♦ Besides _Mecklenburg_, _Baden_—now a Grand Duchy—_Berg_, _Nassau_, _Hessen_, and other smaller states, there were now among its members the Grand Duchy of _Würzburg_, and also a Grand Duchy of _Frankfurt_, the possession of the Prince Primate, once of Mainz, afterwards of Regensburg.