The Italian Kingdom of the Karlings, the kingdom which was reunited to Germany under Otto the Great, was, as has been already said, a continuation of the old Lombard kingdom. It consisted of that kingdom, enlarged by the Italian lands which fell off from the Eastern Empire in the eighth century; that is by the _Exarchate_ and the adjoining _Pentapolis_, and the immediate territory of _Rome_ itself. ♦Austria and Neustria.♦ The Lombard kingdom, in the strictest sense, took in the two provinces north of the Po, in which we again find, as in other lands, an _Austria_ to the east and a _Neustria_ to the west. ♦Æmilia. | Tuscany.♦ It took in _Æmilia_ south of the Po—the district of Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, and Modena—also _Tuscany_, a name, which, as it no longer reaches to the Tiber, answers pretty nearly to its modern use. ♦Romagna.♦ The Tuscan name has lived on; the Exarchate and Pentapolis, as having been the chief seat of the later Imperial power in Italy, got the name of _Romania_, _Romandiola_, or _Romagna_. This name also lives on; but the Lombard Neustria and Austria soon vanish from the map. Their disappearance was perhaps lucky, as one knows not what arguments might otherwise have been built on the presence of an Austria south of the Alps. ♦Lombardy proper. | Venetia.♦ The Lombard Neustria together with Æmilia got the special name of _Lombardy_, while the Lombard Austria, after various shiftings of names taken from the principalities which rose and fell within it, came back in the end to its oldest name, that of _Venetia_. ♦Mark of Ivrea. | Duchy of Friuli.♦ In the north-west corner _Iporedia_ or _Ivrea_ appears as a distinct march; but the Venetian march at the other corner, known at this stage as the duchy of _Friuli_, is of more importance. It takes in the county of _Trent_, the special march of _Friuli_, and the march of _Istria_. ♦Fluctuation of boundary at the north-west corner.♦ This is the corner in which the German and Italian frontier has so often fluctuated. We have seen that, after the union of the Italian and German crowns, even Verona itself was sometimes counted as German ground. ♦Comparison of Italy and Germany.♦