Aix-la-Chapelle, gave up all west of the Ticino, which river became a permanent frontier. ♦Parma and Piacenza given to the Spanish Bourbons, 1731-1749.♦ Among the other states, the duchy of _Parma_ and _Piacenza_ was, on the extinction of the house of Farnese, handed over to princes of the Spanish branch of the Bourbons. ♦Ferrara confiscated to the Popes, 1598.♦ _Modena_ and _Ferrara_ remained united, till Ferrara was annexed as an escheated fief to the dominions of its spiritual overlord. ♦1718.♦ But the house of Este still reigned over Modena with _Reggio_ and _Mirandola_, while its dominions were extended to the sea by the addition of _Massa_ and other small possessions between Lucca and Genoa. ♦1771-1803.♦ The duchy in the end passed by female succession to the House of Austria. ♦Corsica ceded to France, 1768.♦ _Genoa_ and _Lucca_ remained aristocratic commonwealths; but Genoa lost its island possession of _Corsica_, which passed to France. ♦Extinction of the Medici, 1737. | Francis of Lorraine Grand Duke of Tuscany.♦ The Grand Duchy of _Tuscany_ remained in the house of Medici, till it was assigned to Duke Francis of Lorraine, afterwards the Emperor Francis the First, and after that it remained in the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. ♦Urbino annexed by the Popes, 1631.♦ The States of the Church, after the annexation of Ferrara, were in the next century further enlarged by the annexation of the duchy of Urbino. ♦1530-1797. | Comparatively little geographical change.♦ Thus, except on the frontier of Piedmont and Milan, the whole time from Charles the Fifth to the French Revolution was, within the old kingdom of Italy, much less remarkable for changes in the geographical frontiers of the several states than for the way in which they are passed to and fro from one master to another. ♦Kingdom of the Two Sicilies♦ This is yet more remarkable, if we look to the southern part of the peninsula, and to the two great islands which in modern geography we have learned to look on as attached to Italy. ♦The Norman kingdom of Sicily.♦ The Norman kingdom which, by steps which will be told elsewhere, grew up to the south of the Imperial Kingdom of Italy, has hardly ever changed its boundaries, except by the various separations and unions of the insular and the continental kingdom. ♦Benevento.♦ Even the outlying papal possession of _Benevento_ after each war went back to its ecclesiastical master. But the shiftings, divisions, and reunions of the Two Sicilies and of the island of Sardinia have been endless. ♦Charles of Anjou, 1265.♦ The Sicilian kingdom of the Norman and Swabian kings, containing both the island and the provinces on the mainland, passed unchanged to Charles of Anjou. ♦Revolt of the island of Sicily, 1282. | The two kingdoms.♦ The revolt of the island split the kingdom into two, one insular, one continental, each of which called itself the _Kingdom of Sicily_, though the continental realm was more commonly known as the _Kingdom of Naples_.