When the Western Kingdom finally parted off from the body of the Empire, its only immediate neighbours were the Imperial kingdoms to the east, and the Spanish kingdoms to the south. ♦England.♦ The union of Normandy and England in some sort made England and France immediate neighbours. And the long retention of Aquitaine by England, the English possession of Calais for more than two hundred years and of the insular Normandy down to our own day, have all tended to keep them so. ♦Small acquisitions of France from England and Spain.♦ But the acquisitions of France from England, and from Spain, in its character as Spain, have been comparatively small. Indeed the separation of the Spanish March and the insular Normandy may be thought to turn the balance the other way. From England France has won Aquitaine and Calais, territories which had once been under the homage of the French King. ♦English conquest of Boulogne. 1544-1550. | 1663.♦ So in the sixteenth century _Boulogne_ was lost to England and won back again; so in the seventeenth century _Dunkirk_, which had become an English possession, was made over to France. Since the final loss of Aquitaine, the wars between England and France have made most important changes in the English and French possessions in distant parts of the world, but they have had no effect on the geography of England, and very little on that of France. ♦Boundary of the Pyrenees.♦ Nearly the same may be said of the geographical relations between France and Spain. The long wars between those countries have added to France a large part of the outlying dominions of Spain; but they have not greatly affected the boundaries of the two countries themselves. ♦Roussillon, its shiftings.♦ The only important exception is the county of _Roussillon_, the land which Aragon kept on the north side of the mountain range. ♦Finally becomes French. 1659.♦ United to France by Lewis the Eleventh, given back by Charles the Eighth, it was finally annexed to France by the Peace of the Pyrenees. Towards the other end of the mountain frontier, a small portion of Spanish territory has been annexed to France, perhaps quite unconsciously. ♦Navarre north of the Pyrenees.♦ The old kingdom of _Navarre_, though it lay chiefly south of the Pyrenees, contained a small territory to the north. ♦Union of France and Navarre. 1589.♦ The accidents of female succession had given Navarre to more than one King of France, and in the person of Henry the Fourth the crown of France passed to a King of Navarre who held only the part of his kingdom north of the Pyrenees. This little piece of Spain within the borders of Gaul was thus united with France. ♦Protectorate of Andorra.♦ On the other hand, the Kings of France, as successors of the Counts of Foix, and the other rulers of France after them, have held, not any dominion but certain rights as advocates or protectors, over the small commonwealth of _Andorra_ on the Spanish side of the mountains.