Before the next French advance on German ground, the frontier had been extended in other directions. ♦Recovery of Calais, 1558; | of Boulogne, 1550.♦ Almost at the same time as the acquisition of the Three Bishoprics, _Calais_ was won back from England—the short English possession of _Boulogne_ had already come to an end. ♦Surrender of Saluzzo and annexation of Bresse, Bugey, and Gex.♦ The first year of the sixteenth century saw the surrender of _Saluzzo_, in exchange for _Bresse_, _Bugey_, and _Gex_. ♦Occupation of Pinerolo. 1630-1696.♦ Thirty years later came the renewed occupation of Italian territory at _Pinerolo_ and other points in Piedmont, which lasted till nearly the end of the seventeenth century. The next great advance was the work of the Thirty Years’ War and of the war with Spain which went on for eleven years longer. ♦The Bishoprics surrendered by the Empire.♦ Now came the legal cession of the Bishoprics and the further acquisition of the Alsatian dominions and rights of the House of Austria. The irregularities of the frontier, and the temptation to round off its angles, were increased tenfold. ♦French acquisitions in Elsass. 1648.♦ France received another and larger isolated territory lying to the east both of her earlier conquests and of the independent lands which surrounded them. A part of her dominion, itself sprinkled with isolated towns and districts which did not belong to her dominion, stretched out without any connexion into the middle of the Empire. The Duchy of Lorraine, dotted over by the French lands of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, lay between the old French land of Champagne and the new French land of _Elsass_ or _Alsace_. ♦Breisach.♦ And while France was allowed, by the possession of _Breisach_, to establish herself at one point on the right bank of the Rhine, her new territory on the left bank was broken up by the continued independence of _Strassburg_ and the other Alsatian towns and districts which were still left to the Empire. ♦France reaches the Rhine.♦ Such a frontier could hardly be lasting; now that France had reached and even crossed the Rhine, the annexation of the outlying Imperial lands to the west of that river was sure to follow.