[167] "Rigveda," 10, 90; Manu, 1, 31 and in the Puranas; Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 5, 371. A. Weber, "Ind. Studien," 9, 7. [168] Manu, 1, 88-91, and in many other places. [169] In Manu, 4, 88-90 (cf. 12, 75, 76) eight hells are mentioned and described, in each of which the torments grow worse as the offences are more serious. The Buddhists retain these eight hot hells, and add eight cold; Burnouf, "Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme," p. 320, 366, 367, 201. The Singhalese have increased the number to 136, the Siamese to 462. Koppen, "Relig. des Buddha," s. 244. Cf. A. Weber, in "Z. D. M. G." 9, 237. [170] _e.g._ Manu, 9, 335. [171] Manu, 12, 43, 44. [172] Manu, 12, 59. [173] Manu, 12, 55. [174] Manu, 12, 62, 64. [175] Manu, 12, 67. [176] Manu, 12, 58. [177] Manu, 12, 59. Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 274. Bohlen has already observed that many of these regenerations are merely fanciful, "Indien," 24. [178] Manu, 6, 61-63. [179] In the sixth century B.C. the Brahmanic arrangement of the state was in full force in the cities on the Ganges, and carried out most strictly. Hence it must have obtained the upper hand about 800 B.C. at the latest. It was not only established by law about the year 600 B.C., but the doctrine of the Brahmans had already created scholastic and heterodox systems of philosophy. Before this system could become current, the idea of Brahman must have been discovered; the strong elements of resistance in the ancient life and faith must have been overcome. This would occupy a space of about two centuries, and may therefore have filled the period from 1000 to 800 B.C., as assumed in the text. Buddhism required a space of three centuries in order to become the recognised religion in the kingdom of Magadha. Before the idea of the world-soul could be discovered, the hymns of the Veda must have reached a certain point of combination and synopsis, and the confusing multitude of divine forms must have been sufficiently felt to call forth the opposite idea of unity. From the book of the law it is clear that the three Vedas were in existence before it was drawn up. It refers perpetually to the triple Veda. The evidence of the Sutras proves that four Vedas existed at the time of the appearance of Buddha. If these were in existence in the sixth century the three which are acknowledged to be older must have existed as early as the seventh century B.C. [180] Manu, 2, 6, 12, 18, 20. [181] Manu, 9, 67. [182] Manu, 7, 38-42, 8, 110. [183] Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 1, 268, 305. [184] Muir, _loc. cit._ 1, 297 ff. [185] Muir, _loc. cit._ 1, 307 ff. [186] Muir, _loc. cit._ 1, 157. [187] Muir, _loc. cit._ 1, 151, 200. CHAPTER V. THE OLD AND THE NEW RELIGION.