nevertheless designedly a round number, little weight is to be placed upon it, and the year 543 can be kept as the year of Buddha's death. Before the dynasty of the Nandas in Magadha (403-315 B.C.) the throne was occupied by the Kshatrabandhus or Çaiçunagas for 262 years (665-403 B.C.); before these came the Pradyotas with 138 years (803-665 B.C.), who were again preceded (as is shown above, p. 77) by the Barhadrathas with 615 years, _i.e._ from 1418 to 803 B.C. (Cf. Gutschmid in "Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Orients," s. 76, 87, and in "Zeitschrift d. D. M. G." 18, 372 ff.) [402] As the Arian colonists go from Surashtra to Ceylon about the year 500 B.C., this kingdom must have been in existence in the sixth century B.C. Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 166 ff. [403] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 427. [404] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 407. [405] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 245. [406] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 237, 432. [407] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 146, 514. [408] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 423. [409] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 175, 261, 380. [410] If I ascribe the rise of Vishnu and Çiva primarily to the people, this is done because the need pointed out must have been felt most deeply by them; two rival deities would never have been elevated to supreme positions if the movement had not begun from beneath, and the life in two different districts had not formed the starting-point. [411] Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 67 ff. [412] "Vanaparvan," 484 ff. in Muir, _loc. cit._ 4, 136. [413] Muir, _loc. cit._ 4, 124 ff., 127. [414] Muir, _loc. cit._ 4, 131, 252 ff. The epithet of Vishnu, Upendra, _i.e._ Beside-Indra, points to this position. [415] Manu, 12, 121. [416] Burnouf, _loc. cit._ p. 137; A. Weber, "Ind. Studien," 2, 20; Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 1^2, 918. [417] Muir, _loc. cit._ 4, 300-320. [418] Muir, _loc. cit._ 4, 184, 230, 269. Lassen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 922. On the seats of the worship of Çiva on the coasts of the Deccan in the Mahabharata, cp. Muir, _loc. cit._ 44, 28, 285. [419] _Nandin_ means having delight, delighted.