[312] "Vend." 2, 87-89; "Yaçna," 14, 4-6. If in "Yaçna," 19, 46 four occupations are mentioned instead of the four orders, and artisans are added to the husbandmen, this is only another theory, which does not, however, alter the series and system; in India the order of Vaiçyas comprises husbandmen, merchants, and artisans. [313] "Vond." 8, 254. [314] Under the Sassanids we find a chief of the husbandmen (_vaçtriosan_), and a chief of the warriors (_arthestaran_); Nöldeke, "Tabari," s. 110. [315] "Vend." 9, 172-180, 187-196. [316] "Vend." 13, 126-129. [317] "Vend." 18, 1-17. [318] "Vispered," 3, 13, 14. Above, p. 165. [319] The Mobedh of Middle Persian is _magupat_, i.e. lord of the Magians (p. 60). The derivation of the name Magus from the Turanian _imga_ (apparently = honourable) can only be adopted by those who regard the Magians as descendants of the Turanians, or at any rate as containing a strong admixture of Turanians; a view which rests on the theory that the second series in the inscriptions of the Achæmenids is the Median translation of the Persian inscriptions. With this view I cannot agree; all that we learn from the Greeks of the customs, manners, and names of the Medes bears the mark of an Arian origin, and is in harmony with what is attributed to the Persians. In the inscription of the second class at Behistun, Gaumata is not called _imga_ but _magush_. [320] "Cyri instit." 8, 1, 23. [321] Herod. 3, 79. [322] Herod. 3, 73. [323] Strabo, p. 727; Pausanias, 5, 27, 3. [324] Ammian. 23, 6, 32-35; Agathias, 2, 26. [325] Philostratus in Rapp, "Z. D. M. G." 20, 71. [326] Herod. 1, 120. [327] "Cyri instit." 7, 5, 20; 8, 1, 8. [328] Arrian, "Anab." 6, 29. [329] Herod. 7, 191. [330] Curtius, 3, 7; Ammian. 23, 6, 34. [331] "Alcibiad. I." p. 122. [332] Nic. Dam. fragm. 67, ed. Müller. [333] Plut. "Artaxerxes," c. 3. [334] Diog. Laert. prooem. 6. [335] Fragm. 66, ed. Müller; cf. infra Bk. 8, c. 4. [336] Herod. 1, 128; Ctes. "Pers." 15. The excerpt says 40 Chaldæans, but obviously Magi are here meant. [337] Prooem. 7. Above, p. 190. The further statements of Diogenes about the white robes of the Magians, their avoidance of all ornament and gold, of their lying on the ground, and staff of reed, deserve little notice, inasmuch as the source whence they are derived is unknown. [338] "Cyri instit." 8, 7, 3. [339] "Cyri instit." 8, 7, 3; 7, 5, 20; 8, 1, 8; Curtius, 3, 3, 8. [340] Strabo, p. 733. [341] Pausan. 5, 27, 5, 6. CHAPTER IX. THE LAW OF THE PRIESTS.