We have but few indications in the Avesta from which to draw conclusions as to the state of civilisation. The amounts to be paid to the purifier and the physician are given in animals; the series of contracts is determined according to the value of small cattle, beasts of draught, slaves, and landed property. But other property may be given in place of the animals; we find mention of money (_shaeta_),[436] and, as has been observed, of tradespeople; of mats and carpets, vessels of earth, silver, and gold, rich garments, palaces with pillars and turrets, ovens for smelting and for glass. The art of the physician cannot have been in a primitive stage, when so much space is devoted to remedies (p. 223), and the physicians who heal with the knife are designated as a separate class. So far as I can see, the Avesta betrays a state of civilisation, which, beginning from the pastoral condition, has remained in close connection with cattle-breeding and agriculture, but has also reached a more advanced stage. The unions of the tribes seem dissolved, and neither the previous importance of the warlike families nor their present position is brought prominently forward. This, no less than the liberal imposition of bodily punishment, shows that long before the dominion of the Achæmenids, the East of Iran must have been in the hands of princes who ruled with despotic power. FOOTNOTES: [342] "Mihr Yasht," 38, 116, 117. [343] "Vend." 1, 18, 20; 18, 22-32. [344] Herod. 1, 136; Plato, "Alcib. I." p. 122; Xen. "Cyri instit." 8, 8, 2; Diod. 16, 43. [345] "Vend." 18, 35-42; 53-57. [346] "Vend." 3, 105 ff. [347] _Loc. cit._ 3, 1-20. [348] Herod. 7, 31. [349] "Oeconom." 4, 13 ff. [350] Ibid. 4, 20-24. [351] Ibid. 4, 8-12; "Cyri instit." 8, 6, 16. [352] Darmesteter, "Haurvatat et Ameretat," p. 64 ff. [353] "Vend." 13, 125-162. [354] "Vend." 15, 2, 3, 4. [355] "Vend." 15, 5, 20, 21, according to Goldner's translation. [Cf. Darmesteter.] [356] "Vend." 13, 97-105. [357] "Vend." 13, 26-47. [358] It is not certain whether the _udra_ of the Vendidad is the water-dog (spaniel?) or the otter. [359] "Vend." 13, 169-174; 14, 4-75. [360] Agath. 2, 24. [361] "Vend." Farg. 17. [362] "Wer den Urin mit vorgestrecktem Fusse lässt macht die Drudsch schwanger," so dass sie neue Unholde gebären. [363] "Vend." 5, 45-55, 136-157; 7, 158-182. [364] Herod. 1, 133; Xen. "Cyri instit." 1, 2, 16; 8, 9, 11; Plin. "H. N." 28, 19. [365] "Vend." 9, 161. [366] "Vend." 9, 187. [367] "Vend." 5, 23-25. [368] "Vend." 3, 140-147; 8, 87. [369] "Vend." 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 26-28. [370] "Vend." 8, 275, 276. [371] "Vend." 9, 119-158; 19, 69-80. [372] "Vend." 5, 83-108; 7, 4 ff. [373] "Vend." 9, 168-171; Farg. 10. [374] "Vend." 5, 124-135. [375] "Vend." 12, 1-59. [376] "Vend." 4, 130-133. [377] "Vend." 14, 64-66. [378] "Vend." 18, 123-133, after Harlez' translation. [Cf. Darmesteter.] [379] "Vend." 15, 126. [380] "Vend." 15, 125. [381] "Vend." 18, 115.