[423] Diod. 17, 71; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 22; 6, 29. [424] Ctes. "Pers. Ecl." 44, 46; Strabo, p. 730. [425] Arrian, l. c.; Justin, 11, 15; Aelian, "Var. Hist." 6, 8; Plut. "Alex." c. 30. [426] Diod. 17, 71; cf. Ctes. "Pers. Ecl." 15. [427] K. Niebuhr, "Reise," 2, 150 ff. [428] "Vend." 1, 46, 48, 60, 64; cf. above, p. 137, 138. [429] "Yaçna," 26. [430] Above, p. 52. The Mainyo-i-Khard contains some rules on the duties of the king. The prince is to defend the city and land against enemies and risings, to respect water and fire, to keep at a distance bad laws and customs, and promote the worship of Auramazda, and good works, and to bring back to the right way those who have left it. A king of this kind is like the Yazatas and Amesha Çpentas: c. 15, 20, 33, 68, ed. West. [431] "Vend." 14, 32-40. [432] Arrian, "Anab." 4, 1, 5. [433] "Vend." 13, 143-145. [434] "Vend." 4, 4-53 according to Harlez. [435] "Vend." 4, 54-113. Even after all that has been advanced by De Harlez, "Avesta," p. 101, I cannot convince myself that the stripes appointed here and elsewhere in the Vendidad are to fall, not on the guilty, but on animals of Angromainyu. If animals are to be killed, we are told so expressly in the Vendidad, and this duty is often mentioned along with the stripes (p. 209). To kill twice 90 or 200 flies or lizards is no equivalent for murdering a man. I allow that no one could endure blows by thousands, if they were given in earnest, yet in running a "muck" five and six hundred very severe blows have been endured. In my opinion the punishments of the Avesta are not intended for legal penalties; they mark what was needed, in the opinion of the priests, to expel the evil disposition, which could recur again and again. [436] "Vend." 4, 120; "Astad Yasht," 1; Justi, "Handbuch," _sub. voc._ CHAPTER X. THE LATER DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN IRAN.