At the time of Cyrus the Persians were midway between slavery and freedom. At first they were free, then they became the lords of others. But while ruling they had given the subjects a share in freedom, and treated them on an equal footing. For this reason the warriors were devoted to their general and ready to plunge into danger. And if an intelligent man appeared, who could give wise counsel, Cyrus gave him liberty to speak; and as he honoured those who knew how to give advise, every opinion was made use of for the common good, and the Persians of that day succeeded in everything by freedom, concord, and common deliberation.[576] FOOTNOTES: [559] Ctes. "Pers. Ecl." 5; Tzetz. "Chil." 1, 1, 83; Justin, 1, 6. Yet Diodorus mentions the Barcanians together with the Hyrcanians (2, 2); Curtius (3, 2) represents the Barcanians as providing 12,000 men for the last Darius; Stephanus of Byzantium ([Greek: Barkanioi]) puts them beside the Hyrcanians. Yet all these statements may rest on the same misconception. [560] Herod. 1, 73; above, p. 378, _note_. [561] Herod. 2, 1; 3, 2; 7, 11. [562] Ctesias, "Pers." 8. The narrative of the death of Astyages follows the narrative of the wars against the Bactrians and Sacæ, and against Croesus, and precedes the wars against the Derbiccians. [563] Herod. 9, 122. [564] Herod. 1, 177. [565] "Cyri instit." 5, 3, 22. [566] Strabo, p. 512. [567] Ptolem. 6, 2; Ammian, 23, 6. The rebellion of the Cadusians at a later time was mentioned by Xenoph. "Hellen." 2, 1, 13; Plut. "Artaxerx." 24; Diod. 15, 8; Justin, 10, 3. They fought with the last Darius at Arbela; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 11. [568] Croesus, when he has crossed the Halys, is at once in Persian territory; Herod. 1, 72, 73. [569] Xenoph. "Cyri instit." 3, 1; 3, 2, 1, 2; 7, 2, 5; Diod. 31, 19. [570] The serious difficulty of Cyrus is shown by his rapid march back from Sardis with much the larger part of his army before the Greek cities, the Lycians and Carians were reduced. Cp. Vol. VI. chapters 8 and 9. [571] "Persic." 9. [572] Strabo, p. 730; Curt. 5, 6, 10; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 16, 18. The observation in Xenophon ("Cyri instit." 5, 2, 1), that Cyrus whenever he trod the soil of Persia gave a piece of gold to each Persian man and woman, may have arisen from the presents to the women of Pasargadæ. [573] "Cyri instit." 1, 2, 1. [574] "Cyri instit." 8, 5, 21 ff. [575] Plato, "Epp." 4, p. 320. Cf. "Menexen." p. 239. [576] "Legg." p. 693, 694. Cicero, ("de Republ." 1, 27, 28), calls Cyrus the most just, wise, and amiable of rulers. END OF VOL. V. BUNGAY: CLAY AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS. _J. D. & Co._ TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: 1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_. 2. Carat character is used to indicate subscript in this text version. 3. Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of the chapters in this text version.