The History of Antiquity, Vol. 5 (of 6)Duncker, Max
History
The History of Antiquity, Vol. 5 (of 6)
Duncker, Max
History, Ancient
This result is confirmed by all the further information which we obtain
from the Greeks. In Plutarch the last Darius calls on an eunuch, "to
tell the truth in reverence for the great light of Mithra"; the eunuch
replies that the king has no reason to accuse the evil spirit, and
entreats "Lord Oromazdes," "that he may cause the light of the king to
shine again."[159] Artaxerxes II. was informed by his mother Parysatis
that the Persians had received the law which distinguished good and evil
from god. He swears "by Mithra," and Plutarch tells us how some related
that when Darius, the eldest son of Artaxerxes, who sought his life, was
slain, Artaxerxes went into the court of the palace and cried aloud to
the Persians: "Rejoice, ye Persians, and tell it to others, that the
great Oromazdes has executed judgment on those who imagined crime and
wickedness."[160] In Plutarch, Artaxerxes I. says to Themistocles: "May
Areimanius ever implant such a disposition in my enemies that they may
drive from themselves their best and bravest men."[161] According to
Deinon the Magians prophesied with branches in their hands, sacrificed
under the open sky, and looked on fire and water as the only symbols of
the divinity.[162] Xenophon represents Cyrus as praising the gods and
sacrificing to them every morning according to the instructions of the
Magians.[163] Though Herodotus does not mention either the name of
Zarathrustra or of Auramazda, what he says of the rites of the Medes and
Persians agrees exactly with the rules given in the Avesta. "Temples,
images, and altars," he says, "are not erected by the Persians, because,
as it seems to me, they do not believe like the Hellenes that the gods
have the form and nature of men. They call the whole circle of heaven
Zeus, and offer sacrifice to him after ascending the summits of
mountains. Besides Zeus they have from ancient days sacrificed to the
sun, the moon, the earth, water, winds, and fire, which among the
Persians is a deity:[164] the winds they also charm by songs. When
offering sacrifice they build no altar and kindle no fire, nor pour
libations, nor make any use of flutes, or cakes, or barley meal. If any
one wishes to offer sacrifice he brings the victim to an open space, and
calls on the god, after crowning his tiara with branches of myrtle.
After cutting the animal in pieces, and cooking the flesh, he spreads
out the most delicate grass, chiefly trefoil, and lays the flesh upon
it. The Magian who stands by sings the theogony over it, for such,
according to the Persians, is the nature of the prayer. After some time,
the person who has made the sacrifice carries the flesh away and uses it
for a feast. The Magians, in whose control is the worship by sacrifice,
make it a great object to kill ants, serpents, and other creeping winged
things: dogs and men only do they spare. No Persian may pollute a river,
nor even wash in it, nor will they allow any one else to do so, for they
have a great reverence for rivers.
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