Mark of fine gold = 283 fl. 5 kr. 4-47/74 pf. Chief coin = Reichs ducat, 67 to the mark (Cologne mark), 23 kr. 8 grs. fine (= 67-67/71 to the mark of fine gold), to = 4 fl. 10 kr.; the Holland and other ducats then current in Germany being tariffed at 4 fl. 7-1/2 kr. 2. Silver-- Mark of fine silver = 20 guldens for all manner of silver coins down to the groschen or 3-kreutzer piece (ratio of silver to gold 1:14-11/21). The silver coins authorised were-- 1. Thaler (specie or convention thaler = 2 fl.), 10 to the mark, 13-1/3 loth fine. 2. Gulden (or 1/2-specie thaler), 20 to the mark, 13-1/3 loth fine. 3. 30-kreutzer piece (1/2-gulden or 1/4-specie thaler), 40 to the mark, 13-1/3 loth fine. 4. 17-kreutzer piece, 70-10/17 to the mark, 8-2/3 loth fine (only for Austria). 5. 7-kreutzer piece, 171-3/7 to the mark, 6-13/18 loth fine (only for Austria). 6. 20-kreutzer piece, 60 to the mark, 9-1/3 loth fine. 7. 10-kreutzer piece, 120 to the mark, 8 loth fine. 8. Groschen or 3-kreutzer piece, 400 to the mark, 5-1/2 loth fine. For the lowest denomination of divisional coins, half-groschen, kreutzer, and pfennige, quite varying standards were permitted, according to the piece or locality, namely, from 20-3/4 to 33 guldens to the Koln mark. For tolerated coin the following tariff was fixed:-- GOLD Bavarian maxd'or and double gold gulden = 6 fl. 8 kr. Bavarian carolus or 3-gold gulden piece = 9 fl. 12 kr. Kremnitz ducat } Florentine gigliati} = 4 fl. 12 kr. Venetian zecchino } All other gold coins to be taken as bullion at a value of 280 fl. for the Cologne mark of fine gold. All silver species of other states below the value of 1/2 florin forbidden. Such was the Convention System or Standard, which, by the accession of the Electoral Palatinate, and of Salzburg might be practically regarded as the Imperial system. This Convention system, and these Convention or specie thaler and other coins, remained the Mint system of Austria until modern times. The changes which were made in the Austrian system by the Vienna Convention of 1857 have been already detailed (see text, pp. 209-12). Ten years later Austria withdrew from this monetary treaty (in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Berlin, 13th June 1867), with the intention of acceding to the contemplated French currency treaty of 31st July 1867. She ceased the coining of German gold crowns and half-crowns, and instead minted 4 and 1-ducat pieces. From 1870 onwards she coined, in conjunction with Hungary, 8 and 4-florin gold pieces, the former 77-1/2 to the pound, .900 fine.