and until men have enough moral control and discretion to limit their drinking to that which they absolutely require, all direction and rebuke will be thrown away.” Both these writers are singularly reticent concerning the quantity of alcohol which they would consider moderate for a strong, active working man, who can afford neither port, sherry, nor claret. But really it matters very little, for the whole argument may be summed up by saying that, if men are unable to restrain themselves in the matter of drink, by far the best counsel to give them is, “drink not at all;” and in case that advice should prove unavailing, the only alternative is to prevent them from inflicting injury upon themselves and others by using such measures as the state may from time to time authorise. And now let us direct our attention to some of the agencies which are in active operation to counteract the intemperance unfortunately so prevalent, chiefly amongst the poorer classes. * * * * * Temperance societies, called “Orden der Mässigkeit,” as we know, were established and officially recognised in the Middle Ages throughout Germany, where they met with support from the princes and nobles of the land. It is needless to refer again to their rules and operations, for we did so in our review of the drinking habits of that country; but it will be as well to recollect that the causes to which the reform of those customs are attributable were in part the action of the temperance societies, but also in a great measure the substitution of beer for spirits, the introduction of non-alcoholic beverages from the East, and the general education of the people. From the record of those facts, then, we take our departure in treating of the changes which are now in progress in our own country and elsewhere.