* Bevan, J. O. _University Life in Olden Time_. * Butcher, S. H. _Some Aspects of the Greek Genius_. * Davidson, Thos. _Aristotle, and Ancient Educational Ideals_. * Freeman, K. J. _Schools of Hellas_. Gulick, C. B. _The Life of the Ancient Greeks_. * Kingsley, Chas. _Alexandria and her Schools_. Laurie, S. S. _Historical Survey of Pre-Christian Education_. * Mahaffy, J. P. _Old Greek Education_. Sandys, J. E. _History of Classical Scholarship_, vol. I. Walden, John W. H. _The Universities of Ancient Greece_. Wilkins, A. S. _National Education in Greece in the Fourth Century_, B.C. CHAPTER III THE EDUCATION AND WORK OF ROME I. THE ROMANS AND THEIR MISSION DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN STATE. About the time that the Hellenes, in the City-States of the Greek peninsula, had brought their civilization to its Golden Age, another branch of the great Aryan race, which had previously settled in the Italian peninsula, had begun the creation of a new civilization there which was destined to become extended and powerful. At the beginning of recorded history we find a number of tribes of this branch of the Aryan race settled in different parts of Italy, as is shown in Figure 16. Slowly, but gradually, the smallest of these divisions, the Latins, extended its rule over the other tribes, and finally over the Greek settlements to the south and the Gauls to the north, so that by 201 B.C. the entire Italian peninsula had become subject to the City-State government at Rome. [Illustration: FIG. 16. THE EARLY PEOPLES OF ITALY, AND THE EXTENSION OF THE ROMAN POWER In 509 B.C. Attica opened her citizenship to all free inhabitants, and half a century later the Golden Age of Greece was in full swing. By 338 B.C. Greece's glory had departed. Philip of Macedon had become master, and its political freedom was over. By 264 B.C. the center of Greek life and thought had been transferred to Alexandria, and Rome's great expansion had begun.] [Illustration: FIG. 17. THE PRINCIPAL ROMAN ROADS]