At the time when this involuntary change occurred the sects that caused it were the bitterest enemies of the toleration they demanded. In the same age the Puritans and the Catholics sought a refuge beyond the Atlantic from the persecution which they suffered together under the Stuarts. Flying for the same reason, and from the same oppression, they were enabled respectively to carry out their own views in the colonies which they founded in Massachusetts and Maryland, and the history of those two States exhibits faithfully the contrast between the two Churches. The Catholic emigrants established, for the first time in modern history, a government in which religion was free, and with it the germ of that religious liberty which now prevails in America. The Puritans, on the other hand, revived with greater severity the penal laws of the mother country. In process of time the liberty of conscience in the Catholic colony was forcibly abolished by the neighbouring Protestants of Virginia; while on the borders of Massachusetts the new State of Rhode Island was formed by a party of fugitives from the intolerance of their fellow-colonists. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 193: _The Rambler_, March 1862.] [Footnote 194: "Le vrai principe de Luther est celui-ci: La volonte est esclave par nature.... Le libre examen a ete pour Luther un moyen et non un principe. Il s'en est servi, et etait contraint de s'en servir pour etablir son vrai principe, qui etait la toute-puissance de la foi et de la grace.... C'est ainsi que le libre examen s'imposa au Protestantisme. L'accessoire devint le principal, et la forme devora plus ou moins le fond" (Janet, _Histoire de la Philosophie Morale_, ii. 38. 39).] [Footnote 195: "If they prohibit true doctrine, and punish their subjects for receiving the entire sacrament, as Christ ordained it, compel the people to idolatrous practices, with masses for the dead, indulgences, invocation of saints, and the like, in these things they exceed their office, and seek to deprive God of the obedience due to Him. For God requires from us this above all, that we hear His Word, and follow it; but where the Government desires to prevent this, the subjects must know that they are not bound to obey it" (Luther's _Werke_, xiii. 2244). "Non est, mi Spalatine, principum et istius saeculi Pontificum tueri verbum Dei, nec ea gratia ullorum peto praesidium" (Luther's _Briefe_, ed. De Wette, i. 521, Nov. 4, 1520). "I will compel and urge by force no man; for the faith must be voluntary and not compulsory, and must be adopted without violence" ("Sermonen an Carlstadt," _Werke_, xx. 24, 1522).] [Footnote 196: "Schrift an den christlichen Adel" (_Werke_, x. 574, June 1520). His proposition, _Haereticos comburi esse contra voluntatem spiritus_, was one of those condemned by Leo X. as pestilent, scandalous, and contrary to Christian charity.]