The History of Java, v. 1-2Raffles, Thomas Stamford, Sir
History
The History of Java, v. 1-2
Raffles, Thomas Stamford, Sir
Java (Indonesia) -- History
Having thus attempted a brief description of the different classes
of the Asiatic population of the island, I shall proceed to a short
detail of the habitations, dress, food, and domestic economy of the
natives; but, in order to enable the reader to understand some of the
terms in the tables, and likewise in the subsequent observations, it
may not be improper simply to state the names and titles expressive
of the different gradations of rank, leaving a more particular
account of the power and authority with which they are connected to
another opportunity. The sovereign, who is either called _Susuhúnan_,
_Susúnan_, or _Sultan_, is the fountain of honour and the source of
all distinction. His family are called _Pang'érans_, his queen _Rátu_,
the heir apparent _Pangéran adipáti_, and the prime minister _Ráden
adipáti_. Governors of provinces, called by the Dutch _Regents_, are
styled by the natives _Bopátis_, _Tumúngungs_, or _Ang'abéis_; and
are ranked among the chief nobility of the country. All the inferior
chiefs, including those termed _Rádens_, _Mántris_, _Demángs_, _Lúras_,
and others, except the heads of villages, termed _Kúwus_, _Búkuls_,
_Patíng'gis_, &c., who are elected by the common people out of their
own number for the performance of specific duties, may be considered as
_petite noblesse_.
The cottage or hut of the peasant, called _úmah limásan_, may be
estimated to cost, in its first construction, from two to four rupees,
or from five to ten shillings English money. It is invariably built
on the ground, as on continental India, and in this respect differs
from similar structures in the surrounding islands. The sleeping
places, however, are generally a little elevated above the level of the
floor, and accord in simplicity with the other parts of the dwelling.
The sides or walls are generally formed of _bámbus_, flattened and
plaited together: partitions, if any, are constructed of the same
materials, and the roof is either thatched with long grass, with the
leaves of the _nipa_, or with a kind of _bámbu sirap_. The form and
size of these cottages, as well as the materials employed in their
construction, vary in the different districts of the island, and
with the different circumstances of the individuals. In the eastern
districts, where the population is most dense and the land most highly
cultivated, a greater scarcity is felt of the requisite materials than
in the western, and the dwellings of the peasantry are consequently
smaller and slighter. In the latter, the frame-work of the cottages
is generally made of timber, instead of _bámbus_, and the interior of
them, as well as the front veranda, is raised about two feet from the
ground. The accommodations consist of a room partitioned off for the
heads of the family, and an open apartment on the opposite side for the
children: there is no window either made or requisite. The light is
admitted through the door alone; nor is this deficiency productive of
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