The bull and cow (_sápi_ or _lémbu_) are general, but much more so in the central and eastern districts than in the western. The breed has been greatly improved by the species introduced from continental India. But the animal of most essential and general use in the agriculture of the country is the buffalo (_kábu_, _maísa_, or _múnding_), a particular account of which will appear in the chapter on Agriculture. Goats (_wedús_) are numerous and of a small size: sheep (called here European goats) are scarce and small. As in other sultry climates, the latter have a coarse woollen coat, which is employed for stuffing saddles, pillows, &c. but it is in so little request that the inhabitants are rarely at the trouble of shearing for it. The hog (_chéleng_) is reared principally among the Chinese. Of beasts of prey may be enumerated several species of the tiger, as the _máchan lóreng_ (felis tigris), _máchan gogor_ (a variety), _máchan tútul_ (probably the small leopard of Pennant), _máchan kombang_ and _kúwuk_, the smallest kind, called tiger-cats. The jackal, and several varieties of the wild-dog; as the _ásu wáwar_, _ásu ájag_, or _ásu kíki_; and among other wild quadrupeds, the rhinoceros, and _bánteng_, or wild Javan ox, the wild-hog and the stag: the last, as well as the rib-faced and axis deer, is tamed and fattened for food. The aggregate number of mammalia on Java have been estimated at about fifty. The habits and manners of the larger animals, the tiger, leopard, black tiger, rhinoceros and stag, and two species of deer, the varieties of the wild-hog, &c. are sufficiently known; but the _bánteng_, or Javan ox, the Javan buffalo, the varieties of the wild-dog, those of the weasel and squirrel, and most of the other smaller quadrupeds, still present curious subjects for the study of the naturalist. Next to the rhinoceros, which sometimes (though rarely at present) injures plantations, the wild-hogs are the most destructive animals. They are often poisoned (or intoxicated, according to the quantity they consume) by the _kálák kámbing_, or by the remains from the preparation of _brom_. The practice of suspending rags impregnated with urine, at small distances around the plantations, is universal over the whole island. These animals are said to have so violent an aversion to this odour, that even this "feeble barrier" is useful in preserving the plantations. Musk, called _dedes_, is procured from the _rasé_.