~Puritanism~: the more sober style of life and thought introduced by the Puritans, who were a religious party in the times of Elizabeth and the Stuarts, and were desirous of a purer and simpler doctrine and mode of living. 56. UNDER GEORGE II. PART II. ~Predecessors~: those that went before them. ~cruciform~: in the form of a cross. The ground plan of many churches is shaped like a cross. ~St. Stephen's, Walbrook~, stands behind the Mansion House, where the Walbrook used to flow. ~lectureship~: the office of a lecturer, one who gives lectures, discourses, or (as in this case) sermons. Money was left to pay for these sermons, that is, the lectureships were ~endowed~. ~harbouring~: sheltering. ~organisers~: those who get up and arrange anything. ~Haymarket~ (obviously once a hay market) is near Trafalgar Square, and ~Coventry Street~ near Leicester Square. ~innovations~: novelties, new things. 57. UNDER GEORGE II. PART III. ~Broad Street~: between the Royal Exchange and Liverpool Street. ~Whitecross Street~ is near the Barbican, Aldersgate Street; ~Whitechapel~, in which is ~Middlesex Street~ (commonly known as Petticoat Lane), is reached through Aldgate. ~Hogarth~ (born 1697, died 1764): a celebrated English painter, chiefly famous for moral, satirical and humorous pictures drawn from everyday life. ~asphalt~: a kind of mineral pitchy substance which melts in heat and can be laid down so as to form a hard, smooth roadway. ~Vauxhall~: in Surrey, in the parish of Lambeth, on the south of the Thames. There was once an old manor house here called Faukes or Fox Hall. ~Bermondsey Spa~: so called from a mineral spring discovered there in 1770. (Spa, a place where there is a mineral spring, gets its name from a celebrated watering-place in Belgium of that name.) ~punch~: a drink containing five ingredients--water, spirits, sugar, lemon-juice, spice. 58. UNDER GEORGE II. PART IV. ~Decorous~: behaving in a decent and respectable way. ~appreciation~: estimate, judgment about. ~congregation~: gathering together. ~Benjamin Franklin~ (born 1706, died 1790): a native of Boston, U.S.A., who lived for some time in England. As a scientist he is famous for electrical experiments; as a politician, for the share he took in upholding the independence of the American States. ~transmission~: handing down from father to son. ~externally~: outwardly. ~St. Katharine's~, ~Ratcliff~, ~Shadwell~, ~Stepney~, are all in the East End of London. ~jurisdiction~: legal authority. 59. UNDER GEORGE II. PART V. ~Lighters~: large boats or barges used in unloading ships. ~bleaching-grounds~: where cloth was laid out to be bleached or whitened by the wind and sun. ~hopbines~: the stalks of hop plants. ~transportation~: conveying convicted criminals abroad. Till 1869 convicts were sent to Australia; now they are kept in convict prisons at home. ~classification~: dividing and arranging into classes.