The History of Philosophy in IslamBoer, T. J. de (Tjitze J.)
Islamic
The History of Philosophy in Islam
Boer, T. J. de (Tjitze J.)
Islamic philosophy -- History
Spirit, Soul, Original Matter, and Nature are simple; but with Body we
enter the realm of the Composite. Here all is composed of Matter and
Form, or,—to adopt another principle of division,—of Substance and
Accident. The first Substances are Matter and Form; the first Accidents
or Properties, Space, Motion and Time, to which in the opinion of the
Brethren may perhaps be added Tone and Light. Matter is one; all
plurality and diversity come from the Forms. Substance is designated
also as the constitutive, material Form, while Accident is the
completing, spiritual Form. The Encyclopaedia does not express itself
clearly on these points. But in any case Substantiality is looked for
rather in the Universal than in the Particular, and Form is put before
Matter. The Substantial Form, like a spectre, frightens off every
attempt of the philosopher to investigate thoroughly the domain of the
Material. The Forms wander at their own sweet will like lords through
the lower world of Matter. No trace is discoverable of any inner
relation between Matter and Form. Not only in thought, but also in
reality they keep themselves separate.
From the account which has been given an idea may now be formed of the
story of Nature as the Brethren viewed it. They have been represented
as the Darwinists of the tenth century, but nothing could more
inappropriate. The various realms of Nature, it is true, yield
according to the Encyclopaedia an ascending and connected series; but
the relation is determined not by bodily structure, but by the inner
Form or Soul-Substance. The Form wanders in mystic fashion from the
lower to the higher and vice versa, not in accordance with inner laws
of formation, or modified to suit external conditions, but in
accordance with the influences of the stars, and, in the case of Man at
least, in accordance with practical and theoretical behaviour. To give
a history of Evolution in the modern sense of the term was very far
from the thought of the Brethren. For example they expressly insist
that the horse and the elephant resemble Man more than the ape does,
although the bodily likeness is greater in the last-named. In fact in
their system the body is a matter of quite secondary consideration: the
death of the body is called the birth of the soul. The soul alone is an
efficient existence, which procures the body for itself.
8. The teaching of the Brethren concerning Nature is therefore merged
almost completely in Psychology. Let us confine ourselves here to the
human soul. It stands in the centre of the All; and just as the World
is a huge man, Man is a little world.
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