The History of Philosophy in IslamBoer, T. J. de (Tjitze J.)
Islamic
The History of Philosophy in Islam
Boer, T. J. de (Tjitze J.)
Islamic philosophy -- History
10. Accordingly the discussion turns mainly on the Mind or Spirit. In
the human Spirit everything earthly is raised to a higher mode of
existence, which is lifted out of the categories of the Corporeal. Now
as a capability or potentiality, Mind or Spirit is present in the Soul
of the Child; and it becomes actual Spirit in the course of its
apprehension of bodily forms in experience by means of the Senses and
the representative faculty. But this transition from possibility to
actuality,—the realisation thus of experience,—is not Man’s own act,
but is brought about by the Superhuman Spirit, which has sprung from
the last Sphere-Spirit, that of the Moon. In this way Man’s knowledge
is represented as being a contribution from above, and not a knowledge
which has been acquired in mental struggle. In the light of the Spirit
which stands above us, our understanding descries the Forms of the
Corporeal; and thereby experience is amplified into rational knowledge.
Experience, in fact, takes in only the Forms which have been abstracted
from the world of Matter. But there are in existence also,—before and
above material things,—Forms and general entities, in the pure Spirits
of the Spheres. Man now receives information from these ‘detached
Forms’: it is only by means of their influence that his actual
experience becomes explicable to him. From God down to the Spirit of
Mankind, the higher Form affects only that which immediately succeeds
it. Every intermediate Form stands in a relation of ‘receptive’
activity to what is above it, and of ‘conferring’ activity to what is
below it. In its relation to the Human Spirit, which is influenced from
above (ʻaql mustafad), the Superhuman Spirit, produced from the last
Sphere-Spirit, is to be called ‘active’ or ‘creative’ (ʻaql faʻʻâl).
Yet it is not continually active, because its effectiveness is
restrained by its material. But God is the completely-real,
eternally-active Spirit.
The Spirit in Man is threefold: according as it is (1) Possible, (2)
Actual, and (3) Influenced from above. Now in the sense of Farabi, this
means—that (1) the spiritual potentiality in Man is, by means of (2)
realizing the knowledge which is gained by experience, (3) led to the
knowledge of the Supersensible, which precedes all experience, and
itself induces the experience.
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