(1) _In Facts._--Beside the great number of early historical points on which he was followed implicitly, we find even his errors imitated, _e.g._ the confusion which perhaps in Virgil is only apparent between Pharsalia and Philippi, has, as Merivale remarks, been adopted by Propertius (iv. 10,40), Ovid (M. xv, 824), Manilius (i. 906), Lucan (vii. 854), and Juvenal (viii. 242); not so much from ignorance of the locality as out of deference to Virgilian precedent. The lines may be quoted--Virgil (G. i. 489), _Ergo inter se paribus concurrere telis Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi;_ Propertius, _Una Philippeo sanguine inusta nota;_ Ovid, _Emathiaque iterum madefient caede Philippi;_ Manilius, _Arma Philippeos implerunt sanguine campos. Vixque etiam sicca miles Romanus arena Ossa virum lacerosque prius superastitit artus;_ Lucan, _Scelerique secundo Praestatis nondum siccos hoc sanguine campos;_ Juvenal, _Thessaliae campis Octavius abstulit ... famam...._ This is analogous to the way in which the satirists use the names consecrated by Lucilius or Horace as types of a vice, and repeat the same symptoms _ad nauseam, e.g._ the miser who anoints his body with train oil, who locks up his leavings, who picks up a farthing from the road, &c. The veiled allusion to the poet Anser (Ecl. ix. 36) is perhaps recalled by Prop. iii. 32, 83, _sqq._ So the portents described by Virgil as following on the death of Caesar are told again by Manilius at the end of Bk. I. and referred to by Lucan (_Phars._ i.) and Ovid. Again, the confusion between _Inarime_ and _ein Arimois_, into which Virgil falls, is borrowed by Lucan (_Phars._ v. 101).