THE SPIDER. ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE SILKEN FILAMENTS FROM SPIDERS. Structures of spiders--Spiders not properly insects, and why--Apparatus for spinning--Extraordinary number of spinnerules--Great number of filaments composing one thread--Réaumur and Leeuwenhoeck’s laughable estimates--Attachment of the thread against a wall or stick--Shooting of the lines of spiders--1. Opinions of Redi, Swammerdam, and Kirby--2. Lister, Kirby, and White--3. La Pluche and Bingley--4. D’Isjonval, Murray, and Bowman--5. Experiments of Mr. Blackwall--His account of the ascent of gossamer--6. Experiments by Rennie--Thread supposed to go off double--Subsequent experiments--Nests, Webs, and Nets of Spiders--Elastic satin nest of a spider--Evelyn’s account of hunting spiders--Labyrinthic spider’s nest--Erroneous account of the House Spider--Geometric Spiders--Attempts to procure silken filaments from Spiders bags--Experiments of M. Bon--Silken material--Manner of its preparations--M. Bon’s enthusiasm--His spider establishment--Spider-silk not poisonous--Its usefulness in healing wounds--Investigation of M. Bon’s establishment by M. Réaumur--His objections--Swift’s satire against speculators and projectors--Ewbank’s interesting observations on the ingenuity of spiders--Mason-spiders--Ingenious door with a hinge--Nest from the West Indies with spring hinge--Raft-building Spider--Diving Water-Spider--Rev. Mr. Kirby’s beautiful description of it--Observations of M. Clerck--Cleanliness of Spiders--Structure of their claws--Fanciful account of them patting their webs--Proceedings of a spider in a steamboat--Addison--His suggestions on the compilation of a “History of Insects.” Of spiders there are many species; most of them extend their labors no farther than merely to make a web to ensnare and detain their food. But others are known to go beyond this, and spin a bag in the form of a cocoon, for the protection of their eggs, nearly similar to that of the silk-worm.[142] [142] Don Luis Nee observed on certain trees growing in Chilpancingo, Tixtala in South America, ovate nests of caterpillars, eight inches long, which the inhabitants manufacture into stockings and handkerchiefs.--Annals of Botany, 2d, p. 104. Modern naturalists do not rank spiders among insects, because they have no antennæ, and no division between the head and shoulders. They breathe by leaf-shaped gills, situated under the belly, instead of spiracles in the sides; and have a heart connected with these. But as spiders are popularly considered insects, it will sufficiently suit our purpose to introduce them here as such. Spiders are usually classed according to their difference of color, whether black, brown, yellow, &c., or sometimes by the number and arrangement of their eyes: of these organs some possess no fewer than ten, others eight, and others again six[143]. [143] Porter’s “Treatise on the Silk Manufacture,” p. 168.