In the rates as given above, an exception is made in the case of letters directed on board ship or brought by it. For such letters one penny was charged in addition to the rates already given. This extra penny was charged because the postmaster in the place where the ship first touched was required to pay the master of the vessel one penny for every letter received. Foreign letters collected or delivered at any place between London and the port of departure or arrival of the ship for which they were destined or by which they had come, must pay the same rate as if they had left or arrived in London. As far as foreign post rates were concerned they were all from 1_d._ to 3_d._ higher than they had been by the act of 1660. The lowest foreign rate for a single letter, 10_d._, was paid between London and France, and London and the Spanish Netherlands. To Germany and Northwestern Europe, through the Spanish Netherlands, the rate was 12_d._, to Italy or Sicily the same way 12_d._, postpaid to Antwerp, or 15_d._ via Lyons. The same rates held for letters passing through the United Provinces. To Spain or Portugal via the Spanish Netherlands or the United Provinces or France, postpaid to Bayonne, the rate was 18_d._ for a single letter, and the same price held when letters were conveyed directly by sailing packets. By the same act of 1711 rates were for the first time established between England and her colonies and within the colonies themselves. The postage for a single letter from London to any of the West India Islands was 18_d._, to New York 12_d._, and the same from those places to London. Between the West Indies and New York the rate was 4_d._ In the colonies on the mainland, the chief letter offices were at New York, Perth Amboy, New London, Philadelphia, Bridlington, Newport, Portsmouth, Boston, Annapolis, Salem, Ipswich, Piscataway, Williamstown, and Charleston. The postage was 4_d._ to and from any of these places to a distance not exceeding sixty miles and 6_d._ for any distance between sixty and 100 miles. Between New York, Perth Amboy, and Bridlington, the rate was 6_d._; between New York, New London, and Philadelphia 9_d._; between New York, Newport, Portsmouth, and Boston 12_d._; between New York, Salem, Ipswich, Piscataway, and Williamstown 15_d._; between New York and Charleston 18_d._; the Post Office was to pay nothing for crossing ferries.