The new Dignities or Degrees, added to the antient Hierarchy of the Church, in the Fourth and following Centuries, were those of _Metropolitan_, _Primate_, _Archbishop_, _Exarch_, and _Patriarch_. The Title of _Metropolitan_ was given to the Bishop of the chief City of a Province, and likewise that of _Primate_, he being _primus_, or the first of the Province; for such was the original Signification of that Word in an Ecclesiastical Sense; but, in Process of Time, the Title of _Primate_ was restrained to the Bishops of some great Cities. On the contrary the Title of _Archbishop_ was originally bestowed on Metropolitans only of great Eminence and Distinction; but, in the Eighth Century, it began to be given indifferently to all Metropolitans, and even to some Bishops, distinguished by no other Title. As the Bishop of the Metropolis, or chief City, of a Province, was dignified with the Title of _Metropolitan_, so was the Bishop of the Metropolis, or chief City of a Diocese, with that of _Exarch_; which, however, we find sometimes given to Metropolitans. As for the Title of _Patriarch_, it was first common to all Bishops, but afterwards confined to the Exarchs; and lastly, to the Bishops of the Five following Cities, _viz._ _Rome_, _Constantinople_, _Antioch_, _Alexandria_, and _Jerusalem_. It was first bestowed on the Bishop of _Rome_, by the Council of _Chalcedon_[634], after it had been long common to all the Exarchs of the East, as the learned _Du Pin_ well observes[635]. [Sidenote: _The Rights and Privileges of Metropolitans._]