[210] _Calendar of State Papers_, Colonial, 1677-1680, p. 529. [211] _History of New England_, II. (1720) ch. xiv. [212] New Hampshire Historical Society, _Collections_, i. p. 228. [213] Morley, J., Walpole, _Twelve English Statesmen_ (1896), p. 168. [214] 1 Green, W., William Pitt, _Heroes of the Nations_ (1901), p. 258. [215] Smith, A., _Wealth of Nations_ (ed. 1845), pp. 245 and 249. [216] O'Callaghan, _Documents relative to Colonial History of State of New York_ (1855), v. p. 738. [217] Winthrop, _History of New England_ (ed. 1853), i., Nov. 1633. [218] Doyle, _The English in America_, vol. ii. p. 64. [219] _Ibid._, p. 506. [220] Knight, _Journal_ (1825), p. 40. [221] Quoted by Thwaites, _The Colonies_, 1492-1750 (1891), p. 189. [222] O'Callaghan, _ut supra_, vii. 348. [223] See p. 93. [224] Clap, _The Annals or History of Yale College_ (1766), p. 22. [225] Doyle, _Cambridge Modern History_ (1905), vol. vii. p. 60. [226] _Mass. Hist. Coll._, Series II. vol. x. p. 183. [227] Quoted by Doyle, _Colonies under the House of Hanover_ (1907), p. 13. CHAPTER IX THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN AND MIDDLE COLONIES The southern colonies in their geographical formation, their soil and climate, were of a uniform character; nor were there any decidedly marked religious differences. In the middle colonies this was by no means the case, but even here the style of life in such states as Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey had many points of resemblance. In all the colonies except Maryland and Virginia there was a heterogeneous population of English, Irish, Scots, Dutch, Huguenots, and Germans, but in New York State mixed nationalities were most apparent. The distinction between the grades of society was well-marked in both the southern and middle colonies. In South Carolina in early times there was practically no middle class, but at the end of the seventeenth century a few Ulster Protestants settled in the colony as small farmers and remained in spite of economic conditions. In Maryland there were yeomen farmers and tradesmen, who were for the most part rude and uneducated. A professional middle class was unknown until the eighteenth century; doctors, for example, were not licensed in New York till 1760. In New Jersey there was a tendency to insist on democratic principles, though there is every reason to think that the gentleman farmer was treated with the same respect accorded to the Quaker squire of Pennsylvania, or the Dutch patroon of New York. In the South the upper classes resembled their contemporaries in England. Some were indolent, haughty, and vain, showing the greatest contempt for honest toil; many were confirmed gamblers and horse-racers. The bottle and the dice were the household deities of not a few; but they were nevertheless bountiful, generous, and patriotic, and proved themselves good specimens of England's manhood in time of peril.