All this makes the close of the “revolutionary” period of the Trade Union Movement. For the next quarter of a century we shall watch the development of the new ideas and the gradual building up of the great “amalgamated” societies of skilled artisans, with their centralised administration, friendly society benefits, and the substitution, wherever possible, of Industrial Diplomacy for the ruder methods of the Class War. FOOTNOTES: [207] In a manuscript essay on the different forms of association, entitled “Trades Unions condemned, Trade Clubs justified,” Place gives us the distinction between the two. “A trade society,” he says, “that is, a club consisting of the journeymen in any one trade which does not form part of a union of several trades, which does not appoint delegates to meet other delegates, is a very different thing from a Trades Union, even though it may call itself a union. Trades Unions are those in which several trades, or portions of several trades, in the same line of business or in different callings, are confederated by means of delegates.” Place often refers to this distinction between the Trade Clubs, which were, according to his view, “very valuable institutions,” and the “Trades Unions,” or “associations of several or many trades in one combination,” which he regarded as “very mischievous associations.” William Lovett, too, watching the same transformation, makes, in a letter published in the _Poor Man’s Guardian_ of August 30, 1834, exactly the same distinction. [208] See the reports to the Home Secretary (Home Office Papers, 42--179, 180, 181, 182); _The Town Labourer_ (by J. L. and B. Hammond, 1917), pp. 306-11. [209] See the “Articles of the Philanthropic Hercules, for the Mutual Support of the Labouring Mechanics,” dated December 24, 1818, which Gast contributed to the _Gorgon_. Gast’s preliminary address appears in the issue for December 5, 1818, and in that of January 29, 1819, the society is described as established (Place MSS. 27899--143). [210] _The Herald of the Rights of Industry_ (Manchester, April 5, 1834). [211] _Labour Rewarded: The Claims of Labour and Capital: How to secure to Labour the Whole Product of its Exertions_, by One of the Idle Classes [William Thompson], 1827; see _The Irish Labour Movement_, by W. P. Ryan, 1919. [212] _A Report of the Proceedings of the Meeting of Cotton-spinners at Ramsay_, etc. (Manchester, 1829, 56 pages); _Copy of Resolutions of the Delegates from the Operative Cotton-spinners who met at the Isle of Man_ (Manchester, 1830), in Home Office Papers, 40--27.