and intellectual improvement” which was setting itself to investigate the question--“Is the present improved condition of machinery beneficial to the working classes, or is it hurtful?”[327] But the most effective outcome of this desire for information was the starting by the Unions of special trade journals. The United Branches of the Operative Potters set on foot in 1843 the _Potters’ Examiner_, a weekly newspaper which dealt with the trade interests and technical processes of their industry.[328] The Journeymen Steam-Engine and Machine Makers’ Friendly Society issued the _Mechanics’ Magazine_ between 1841 and 1847. In November 1850 Dunning persuaded the London Consolidated Society of Bookbinders to publish the _Bookbinders’ Trade Circular_, in the pages of which he promulgated a theory of Trade Unionism, from which McCulloch himself would scarcely have dissented,[329] and made that humble organ of his society into a monthly magazine of useful information on all matters connected with books and their manufacture. But the best of these trade publications, and the only one which has enjoyed a continuous existence down to the present day, was the _Flint Glass Makers’ Magazine_, an octavo monthly of ninety-six pages, established at Birmingham in 1850 by the Flint Glass Makers’ Friendly Society,[330] which advocated “the education of every man in our trade, beginning at the oldest and coming down to the youngest.... If you do not wish to stand as you are and suffer more oppression,” it enjoined its readers, “we say to you get knowledge, and in getting knowledge you get power.... Let us earnestly advise you to educate; get intelligence instead of alcohol--it is sweeter and more lasting.”[331]