3. The concentration of casual and migratory workers in this city is the natural result of two factors: (_a_) the development of Chicago as a great industrial community with diversified enterprises requiring a variety of unskilled as well as skilled laborers, and (_b_) the position of Chicago as a center of transportation, of commerce and of employment for the states of the Mississippi Valley. 4. The homeless men in Chicago fall into five groups: (_a_) the seasonal laborer, (_b_) the migratory, casual laborer, the hobo, (_c_) the migratory non-worker, the tramp, (_d_) the non-migratory casual laborer, the so-called “home guard,” (_e_) the bum. Groups _b_, _c_, _d_, and _e_ constitute what are known in economic writings as “The Residuum of Industry.” In addition to these groups of the homeless casual and migratory workers are the groups of seasonal laborers and the men out of work, which expand and contract with the periods of economic depression and of industrial prosperity. 5. The causes which reduce a man to the status of a homeless migratory and casual worker may be classified under five main heads as follows: _a_) _Unemployment and Seasonal Work_: these maladjustments of modern industry which disorganize the routine of life of the individual and destroy regular habits of work. _b_) _Industrial Inadequacy_: “the misfits of industry,” whether due to physical handicaps, mental deficiency, occupational disease, or lack of vocational training. _c_) _Defects of Personality_: as feeble-mindedness, constitutional inferiority, or egocentricity, which lead to the conflict of the person with constituted authority in industry, society, and government. _d_) _Crises in the Life of the Person_: as family conflicts, misconduct, and crime, which exile a man from home and community and detach him from normal social ties. _e_) _Racial or National Discrimination_: where race, nationality, or social class of the person enters as a factor of adverse selection for employment. _f_) _Wanderlust_: the desire for new experience, excitement, and adventure, which moves the boy “to see the world.” 6. To satisfy the wants and wishes of the thousands of homeless migratory and casual workers at the lowest possible cost, specialized institutions and enterprises have been established in Chicago. These include: _a_) Employment agencies. _b_) Restaurants and lodging-houses. _c_) Barber colleges. _d_) Outfitting stores and clothing exchanges. _e_) Pawnshops. _f_) Movies and burlesques. _g_) Missions. _h_) Local political and social organizations, as “The Industrial Workers of the World” and the “Hobo College.” _i_) Secular street meetings and radical bookstores.