[419] One may also compare the retention of the office of consul at Rome till the time of Justinian: indeed it even survived his formal abolition. The relinquishment of the title 'King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,' seriously distressed many excellent persons. [420] I speak, of course, of the Papacy as an autocratic power claiming a more than spiritual authority. [421] 'Ipsa enim ecclesia charior Deo est quam cœlum. Non enim propter cœlum ecclesia, sed e converso propter ecclesiam cœlum.' From the tract entitled 'A Letter of the four Universities to Wenzel and Urban VIII,' quoted in an earlier chapter. [422] Von Raumer, _Geschichte der Hohenstaufen_, v. [423] Meaning thereby not the citizens of Rome in her republican days, but the Italo-Hellenic subjects of the Roman Empire. [424] Take, among many instances, those of the preface to Giesebrecht, _Die Deutsche Kaiserzeit_; and Rotteck and Welcker's _Staats Lexikon_. The German newspapers are indeed sufficient illustration. [425] See especially Von Sybel, _Die Deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich_; and the answers of Ficker and Von Wydenbrugk. [426] Modified of course by the canon law, and not superseding the feudal law of land. [427] Mommsen, _Römische Geschichte_, iii. _sub. fin._ APPENDIX. NOTE A. ON THE BURGUNDIES. It would be hard to mention any geographical name which, by its application at different times to different districts, has caused, and continues to cause, more confusion than this name Burgundy. There may, therefore, be some use in a brief statement of the more important of those applications. Without going into the minutiæ of the subject, the following may be given as the ten senses in which the name is most frequently to be met with:-- I. The kingdom of the Burgundians (_regnum Burgundionum_), founded A.D. 406, occupying the whole valley of the Saone and lower Rhone, from Dijon to the Mediterranean, and including also the western half of Switzerland. It was destroyed by the sons of Clovis in A.D. 534. II. The kingdom of Burgundy (_regnum Burgundiæ_), mentioned occasionally under the Merovingian kings as a separate principality, confined within boundaries apparently somewhat narrower than those of the older kingdom last named. III. The kingdom of Provence or Burgundy (_regnum Provinciæ seu Burgundiæ_)--also, though less accurately, called the kingdom of Cis-Jurane Burgundy--was founded by Boso in A.D. 877, and included Provence, Dauphiné, the southern part of Savoy, and the country between the Saone and the Jura. IV. The kingdom of Trans-Jurane Burgundy (_regnum Iurense_, _Burgundia Transiurensis_), founded by Rudolf in A.D. 888, recognized in the same year by the Emperor Arnulf, included the northern part of Savoy, and all Switzerland between the Reuss and the Jura.