[428] Waitz (_Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte_) says that the phrase 'semper Augustus' may be found in the times of the Carolingians, but not in official documents. [429] There is some reason to think that towards the end of the Empire people had begun to fancy that 'erwählter' did not mean 'elect,' but 'elective.' Cf. note 410, p. 362. [430] These expressions seem to have been intended to distinguish the kingdom of the Eastern or Germanic Franks from that of the Western or Gallicized Franks (Francigenæ), which having been for some time 'regnum Francorum Occidentalium,' grew at last to be simply 'regnum Franciæ,' the East Frankish kingdom being swallowed up in the Empire. [431] It is right to remark that what is stated here can be taken as only generally and probably true: so great are the discrepancies among even the most careful writers on the subject, and so numerous the forgeries of a later age, which are to be found among the genuine documents of the early Empire. Goldast's _Collections_, for instance, are full of forgeries and anachronisms. Detailed information may be found in Pfeffinger, Moser, and Pütter, and in the host of writers to whom they refer. [432] We in England may be thought to have made some slight movement in the same direction by calling the united great council of the Three Kingdoms the Imperial Parliament. [433] Although to be sure the Burgundian dominions had all passed from the Emperor to France, the kingdom of Sardinia, and the Swiss Confederation. [434] Nevertheless, Otto II was crowned Emperor, and reigned for some time along with his father, under the title of 'Co-Imperator.' So Lothar I was associated in the Empire with Lewis the Pious, as Lewis himself had been crowned in the lifetime of Charles. Many analogies to the practice of the Romano-Germanic Empire in this respect might be adduced from the history of the old Roman, as well as of the Byzantine Empire. [435] Maximilian had obtained this title, 'Emperor Elect,' from the Pope. Ferdinand took it as of right, and his successors followed the example. [436] See note 326, p. 270. INDEX. A. Aachen, 72, 77, 86, 148, 212, 316 note, 403. ADALBERT (St.), 245; the church founded at Rome to receive his ashes, 286. ADELHEID (Queen of Italy), account of her adventures, 83. ADOLF of Nassau, 221, 222, 262. ADSO, his _Vita Antichristi_, 114 note. AISTULF the Lombard, 39. ALARIC, his desire to preserve the institutions of the Empire, 17, 19. ALBERIC (consul or senator), 83. ALBERT I (son of Rudolf of Hapsburg), 221, 224, 262. Albigenses, revolt of the, 241. ALBOIN, his invasion of Italy, 36. ALCUIN of York, 59, 66, 96, 201. ALEXANDER III (Pope), Frederick I's contest with, 170; their meeting at Venice, 171. ALFONSO of Castile, his double election with Richard of England, 212, 229. America, discovery of, 311.