CHARLES IV, 223; his electoral constitution, 225; his Golden Bull, 225, 236; general results of his policy, 236; his object through life, 236; the University of Prague founded by, 237; welcomed into Italy by Petrarch, 254. CHARLES V, accession of, 319; casts in his lot with the Catholics, 321; the momentous results, 322; failure of his repressive policy, 322. CHARLES VI, 348, 351, 352. CHARLES VII, his disastrous reign, 351. CHARLES VIII (King of France), his pretensions on Naples and Milan, 315. CHARLES MARTEL, 36, 38. CHARLES of Valois, 223. CHARLES the BOLD and Frederick III, 249. CHEMNITZ, his comments on the condition and prospects of the Empire, 339. CHILDERIC, his deposition by the Holy See, 39. Chivalry, the orders of, 250. Church, the, opposed by the Emperors, 10; growth of, 10; alliance of, with the State, 10, 66, 107, 387; organization of, framed on the model of the secular administration, 11; the Emperor the head of, 12; maintains the Imperial idea, 13; attitude of Charles the Great towards, 65, 66; the bond that holds together the Empire of Charles, 73; first gives men a sense of unity, 92; how regarded in Middle Ages, 92, 370; draws tighter all bonds of outward union, 94; unity of, felt to be analogous to that of the Empire, 93; becomes the exact counterpart of the Empire, 99, 101, 107, 328; position of, in Germany, 128; Otto's position towards, 129; effect of the Reformation upon, 327; influence of the Empire upon the history of, 384. Churches, national, 95, 330. Churches of Rome, destruction of old buildings by modern restorers of, 292; mosaics and bell-tower in the, 294. Cities, in Lombardy, 175; growth of in Germany, 179; their power, 223. Civil law, revival of the study of, 172; its study forbidden by the Popes in the thirteenth century, 253. CIVILIS, the Batavian, 17. Clergy, aversion of the Lombards to the, 37; their idea of political unity, 96; their power in the eleventh century, 128; Gregory VII's condemnation of feudal investitures to the, 158; their ambition and corruption in the later Middle Age, 290. CLOVIS, his desire to preserve the institutions of the Empire, 17, 30; his unbroken success, 35. Coins, papal, 278 note. COLONNA (John), Petrarch's letters to, 270 and note; the family of, 281. Commons, the, 132, 314. Concordat of Worms, 163. Confederation of the Rhine, provisions of the, 362. CONRAD I (King of the East Franks), 122, 226. CONRAD II, the reign of, 151; comparison between the prerogative at his accession and at the death of Henry V, 165; the crown of Burgundy first gained by, 194. CONRAD III, 165, 277. CONRAD IV, 210. CONRADIN (Frederick II's grandson), murder of, 211.