_Freud_ here overlooks entirely the relations of paranoia to criminality. Having persistently overlooked thus far the tremendous significance of latent criminality in the psychogenesis of neurosis and having emphasized only the sexual factors underlying all psychotic and nervous manifestations, he neglects here also the important rôle of criminality in the dynamics of paranoia. That is the reason why his explanation does not fit all cases. For there is also a paranoia which stands for a flight from criminality, even representing a rationalization of criminal tendencies without any homosexuality. Such cases are exceptional but they do occur. The fear of insanity which oppresses so many neurotics, involves as a polar component the wish to lose one’s mind. For the insane is responsible neither to himself nor before the law. “He cannot help it.” That is why paranoiac conditions break out so often with the commission of some crime. On the other hand the paranoiac turns insane as a defence against committing a crime. We shall yet find that isolation in an asylum for the insane corresponds with many a victim’s hidden wish, because there they find peace of mind and security. The jealousy of paranoia like every other form of jealousy is an expression of rage. But _it serves to rationalize the anger and lends force as well as a measure of emotional justification to the criminal impulse_. Many crimes of passion, so-called, are caused by the passion for crime. We have as yet penetrated but little through the mask which covers the inner criminal. We are still too anxiously concerned with the superficial motivations which bring about sadism to find the path leading towards the fundamental fact. The best measure of culture is the manner in which the man’s primordial character manifests itself in us, our conscious conduct. That is why the advancement of culture is bound to lead to an increase of insanity in the proportion that the jails are emptied. I must again point out that _Juliusburger_ was the first to recognize and describe clearly these relations. In fact the credit of having discovered the relations between homosexuality and paranoia belongs to him. In his work entitled, “_Die Homosexualität im Vorentwurf zu einem deutschen Strafgesetzbuch_” (_Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie_, 1911), he already stated: