The Beni-Mezab form, in the midst of the populations of the desert, a small nation by themselves, distinguished by the severity of their manners, a peculiar dialect, honesty that has passed into a proverb, and certain differences in their religious ceremonies. Footnote 79: The Arab pride is here revealed in its full force. The produce of our horses, our camels, and our sheep, say they, exempts us from the necessity of working, and yet we can procure without difficulty all that these miserable Christians manufacture with so much labour. Footnote 80: A large tribe of Berber origin who hold the gates of the Sahara and the Soudan, and levy upon caravans a tax for entering, a tax for leaving, and a tax for passing through, their territory. They deal, also, in slaves. Footnote 81: A negro kingdom to the southward, in which certain small tribes still make use of poisoned arrows. Footnote 82: The Arabs give the name of _Djouad_ to the military nobility who derive their origin from the Mehal, the conquerors from the East, and followers of the companions of the Prophet. The common people suffer much from the injustice and oppression of the Djouad, who strive to efface the memory of their ill-treatment, and maintain their influence, by generously according hospitality and protection to all who claim them. In other words, they combine in the highest degree the two salient traits of the national character, avidity of gain, and love of pomp and ostentation. Footnote 83: Sister is here used in the sense of lover or mistress. Footnote 84: Blood money. In the Sahara the _dya_ is reckoned at three hundred sheep, or fifty three-year old camels. Footnote 85: A small square chapel surmounted by a dome, in which a marabout has usually been interred. Solitary travellers find in them a resting place. Footnote 86: In order to make the purification complete, it is necessary to cut through the œsophagus, the tracheal artery, and the two jugular veins. Footnote 87: A kind of leather dressed at Tafilalet. Footnote 88: Probably the Guinea-fowl. Footnote 89: I am aware that this is not the denomination bestowed by science upon this animal, which is actually the dromadary. However, I have adhered to the appellation of "Camel," because it is the only one used in Algeria. Besides, the Arabic word _djemel_ applies to the camel as well as to the dromadary. Footnote 90: A sort of arm-chair placed upon the backs of camels. Footnote 91: Goat-skins, generally dyed red, and prepared at Tafilalet in Morocco: it is what we call morocco leather. Footnote 92: Money is never buried in the desert as it is in the Tell, lest the floods of winter should betray the hiding-places. Footnote 93: About £5,721. The _douro_ worth about 4 shillings and 6 pence. Footnote 94: Religious establishments, generally comprising a mosque and a school, and the tombs of their founders.