The Humour of Homer and Other EssaysButler, Samuel
History
The Humour of Homer and Other Essays
Butler, Samuel
Essays; Greek wit and humor -- History and criticism; Homer -- Humor
So that just as an undefined amount of use and disuse was introduced
on the earlier page to supplement the effects of natural selection
in respect of the wings of beetles on small and exposed islands, we
have here an undefined amount of natural selection introduced to
supplement the effects of use and disuse in respect of the identical
phenomena. In the one passage we find that natural selection has
been the main agent in reducing the wings, though use and disuse
have had an appreciable share in the result; in the other, it is use
and disuse that have been the main agents, though an appreciable
share in the result must be ascribed to natural selection.
Besides, who has seen the uncles and aunts going away with the
uniformity that is necessary for Mr. Darwin's contention? We know
that birds and insects do often get blown out to sea and perish, but
in order to establish Mr. Darwin's position we want the evidence of
those who watched the reduction of the wings during the many
generations in the course of which it was being effected, and who
can testify that all, or the overwhelming majority, of the beetles
born with fairly well-developed wings got blown out to sea, while
those alone survived whose wings were congenitally degenerate. Who
saw them go, or can point to analogous cases so conclusive as to
compel assent from any equitable thinker?
Darwinians of the stamp of Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Professor Ray
Lankester, or Mr. Romanes, insist on their pound of flesh in the
matter of irrefragable demonstration. They complain of us for not
bringing forward someone who has been able to detect the movement of
the hour-hand of a watch during a second of time, and when we fail
to do so, declare triumphantly that we have no evidence that there
is any connection between the beating of a second and the movement
of the hour-hand. When we say that rain comes from the condensation
of moisture in the atmosphere, they demand of us a rain-drop from
moisture not yet condensed. If they stickle for proof and cavil on
the ninth part of a hair, as they do when we bring forward what we
deem excellent instances of the transmission of an acquired
characteristic, why may not we, too, demand at any rate some
evidence that the unmodified beetles actually did always, or nearly
always, get blown out to sea, during the reduction above referred
to, and that it is to this fact, and not to the masterly inactivity
of their fathers and mothers, that the Madeira beetles owe their
winglessness? If we begin stickling for proof in this way, our
opponents would not be long in letting us know that absolute proof
is unattainable on any subject, that reasonable presumption is our
highest certainty, and that crying out for too much evidence is as
bad as accepting too little. Truth is like a photographic
sensitized plate, which is equally ruined by over and by under
exposure, and the just exposure for which can never be absolutely
determined.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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