These, then, were the elements of the heterogeneous labor mass, which were to be worked up together into "One Big Union." The thing that made union possible in any degree was the binding influence of common antipathies. It has been suggested that all were at one in being opposed to a capitalistic society. They had no difficulty in making common cause of their mutual hatred of the capitalistic scheme of things. They were perhaps even more able to unite because of common opposition to certain things which they believed were helping to perpetuate the capitalist system. Most prominent and powerful of these was the craft form of labor-union organization. FOOTNOTES: [78] The substance of chs. ii and iii was originally published in the form of a monograph: _The Launching of the Industrial Workers of the World_ (University of California Publications in Economics, vol. iv, no. 1, Berkeley, 1913). [79] The three letters, I. W. W., have lent themselves to various picturesque and derisive translations: "I Won't Work," "I Want Whiskey," "International Wonder Workers," "Irresponsible Wholesale Wreckers," _etc._ "The Wobblies" is a nickname by which they are quite commonly known, especially in the West. It is said that the I. W. W.'s were so christened by Harrison Grey Otis, the editor of the _Los Angeles Times_. And now, in 1917, Senator H. F. Ashurst, of Arizona, declares that "I. W. W. means simply, solely and only, Imperial Wilhelm's Warriors." (_Congr. Record_, Aug. 17, 1917, vol. lv, p. 6104). [80] St. John, _The I. W. W., History, Structure and Methods_ (revised edition, 1917), p. 2. Ernest Untermann, a writer prominently identified with the Socialist party, was also present at this conference, although he is not mentioned by St. John. [81] "The Origin of the Manifesto," _Proceedings, First I. W. W. Convention_, p. 82. [82] _Proceedings, First I. W. W. Convention_, pp. 82-3. The letter was signed by W. E. Trautmann, George Estes, W. L. Hall, Eugene V. Debs, Clarence Smith and Charles O. Sherman. A list of those invited is given in the _Proceedings_, p. 89. "Mother" Mary Jones seems to have been the only woman invited to the conference. [83] _Ibid._, pp. 99-100. [84] _Proceedings, Thirteenth W. F. M. Convention_, p. 21. At the same time and place it was definitely recommended that the Federation take part in the convention. [85] Letter dated May 26, 1905, published in _Proceedings, Thirteenth W. F. M. Convention_, pp. 230-1. [86] The Manifesto is reproduced in the writer's _Launching of the Industrial Workers of the World_, pp. 46-49. The committee's report is given in the _Proceedings_, p. 88. [87] _Proceedings, First I. W. W. Convention_, pp. 5-6. [88] _International Socialist Review_, February, 1905, vol. v, p. 499. (Editorial.) [89] _Vide infra_, ch. ix. [90] _International Socialist Review_, vol. v, p. 501 (March, 1905). For typical press reports of the conference _vide infra_, p. 107.